1. Goal 5 Part 2 Labor Unions / Strikes

2. What is a union? Union – a group of laborers with a common cause: – expose the harsh conditions of jobs 2 major types: (1) Craft (SKILLED) (2) Industrial / Trade (SKILLED / UNSKILLED) “United we stand, divided we fall”

3. Stats and conditions Working Conditions: 7 day workweek 12 or more hour shifts (daily) no vacation / no sick days No workman’s compensation Injured – no reimbursement ALL family members had to work to survive Children -.27 every 14 hours Men - $498 / year Women - $267 / year Carnegie - $23 million / year Statistics: 1882 – 675 (avg.) weekly deaths in America

4. Collective Bargaining Unions form to fight for TWO things (1) Better wages / more money (2) Better working conditions “Negotiation between laborers and management”

5. Early Labor Unions National Labor Union (NLU) 1866 – - refused African Americans as members - Skilled and unskilled (Trade unionism) Leader: William Sylvis - Lobbied Congress, not the Employers MAIN LEGACY: 8 hours a day (Originally pushed by Populist…later adopted by Democrats) Colored National Labor Union (CNLU) – accepted African Americans

6. Knights of Labor Beliefs: (1) EQUALITY = Equal pay for equal work ***(2) ACCEPTED EVERYONE…(women and African Americans) / “skilled AND unskilled” Leader: Terrence Powderly (3) DID NOT USE STRIKES – refusal to work, as a LAST resort (favored non-violence) (4) Practiced Arbitration: resolving a dispute OUTSIDE of the court system “Injury to one is the concern of all”

7. 2 types of Unions / Craft vs. Trade 1 Craft Unionism: includes skilled workers American Federation of Labor (AFL) Leader - SAMUEL GOMPERS - believed in “collective bargaining” - used STRIKES as a MAJOR / FIRST tactic /resort (supported violence)* Complete opposite of Knights of Labor 2 Industrial Unionism / Trade Unionism: included skilled AND unskilled workers American Railway Union (ARU) Leader - EUGENE V. DEBS (SOCIALIST) *STRIKES WERE USED! “The Strike is the weapon of the oppressed” Eugene V. Debs

8. Eugene V. Debs – Socialist

9. Socialism / Industrial Workers of the World ( I. W. W. ) Socialism – an economic system in which the government controls business and property / less extreme version of communism Individuals do not work for themselves, but live in corporation of one another Purpose: Overthrow Capitalism Pro: total equality regardless of physical differences Con: hard workers get no support “EQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH” INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD (IWW) ****************Example of Socialist Union********************* -Mostly Unskilled workers Leader: Eugene V. Debs / Bill Haywood Nickname: Wobblies Used STRIKES….all the time! (USED VIOLENCE) * Socialist Unions – EUGENE V. DEBS!!!!!!!!

10. Strikes Federal Government response to Strikes / Unions: unhappy and acted with force (threat to the capitalist government – messes w/$) Federal troops are sent in (injunction) Great Railroad Strike of 1877 – B & O Railroad lead a strike (covered 50,000 miles) President Rutherford B Hayes claimed they threatened *interstate commerce* - sent federal troops to end the strike!

11. Great Railroad Strike of 1877

13. INJUNCTION Injunction: when federal government “jumps in” and tries to fix everything Example: Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Pullman Strike (federal troops were sent in)

14. **HAYMARKET AFFAIR STRIKE** Strike in Chicago….police show up, workers threw a bomb into police lines! Several police officers died MAJOR EFFECT: THE PUBLIC BEGAN TO TURN AGAINST THE LABOR MOVEMENT (due to violence) ENDS THE LABOR MOVEMENT

16. Homestead Strike Carnegie Steel Company (Homestead Plant in PA) – cut wages – a strike occurs! Henry Frick, Homestead Plant manager hired,SCABS, or strikebreakers, that continued to work, despite the strike to keep the company going

17. The Pullman Company Strike Pullman Company laid off 3,000 workers George Pullman hired employees and gave them housing…after lay offs, didn’t lower the rent on the house! ****George Pullman wanted to control the lives of his workers (no loitering on front porch!) George Pullman hired SCABS, strikebreakers…strikes turned violent Major effect: federal troops were sent in *** Railroads “BLACKLISTED” the strikers *Blacklist – a list that included people that COULD NOT work on the railroads, due to their connection to strikes

18. Women Organize Fighting for:  Better working conditions  Equal pay for equal work  End of child labor ****MAIN LEADER: MARY HARRIS JONES (MOTHER) To expose the cruelties of child labor – Mary Harris Jones led a march of 80 mill children to home of President Teddy Roosevelt….this crusade influenced the passage of Child Labor Laws

19. Child Labor / Mary Harris Jones

21. CHILD LABOR

24. Triangle Shirtwaste Fire March 25, 1911 (New York City) Oil-drenched machines caught on fire! (conditions) Company locked all of the doors *(Crime / force) 146 women died (from fire or jumping) MAJOR EFFECT/ Public Reaction: a task force was set up to study the terrible working conditions of many industries in New York * spurred the growth of improved factory conditions and safety standards

25. Triangle Shirtwaste Fire (1911)

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28. Factors that LIMIT the success of Labor Unions / Employers CONTROL Yellow Dog Contracts – swearing / oath they will NOT join a Union Blacklist – if you are part of or leader of a union against the productivity of a business, you are placed on this list / difficult for you to get a job Lockout: owner tells the employees not to bother showing up until they agree to a pay cut Scabs: Strikebreakers (hired to continue economy of business while strikers are not working) Interstate Commerce: a company claims strikers are affecting interstate commerce and the federal government comes running!

29. * T.Q. Which statement BEST describes how the Knights of Labor differed from the American Federation of Labor (AFL)? A. Knights of Labor used strikes as a major tactic B. Knights of Labor ONLY organized skilled laborers C. Knights of Labor used strikes as a last resort D. Knights of Labor opposed equal pay for women

30. What event contributed MOST to the demise of the Knights of Labor? A. Great Chicago Fire B. Haymarket Square Riot C. Homestead Act D. Pullman Company Strike Why?

31. Monopoly vs. Labor Union