1. Cell Respiration: Stage 1: Food Breakdown
Before food can be processed into ATP, large polymeric molecules must be broken down into their basic units. For example, proteins must be broken down into amino acids and polysaccharides must be broken down into glucose. This step is known as digestion. Most of digestion takes place in the digestive tract of animals and food is broken down by secreted enzymes. 
Even after all of the molecules have been broken down into their basic units, most of the non-glucose molecules are subsequently converted into glycose so that they can be processed during glycolysis. The following table lists the food molecules and there basic unit.
Complex Food Molecule Basic Units
Proteins Amino Acids
Polysaccharides Simple Sugars (e.g. glucose)
Fats (Lipids) Fatty Acids and Glycerol

2. Cell Respiration
Process that releases energy (chemical) by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Occurs in both plants and animals and fungi
There are 2 types
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
- With OXYGEN
- Without OXYGEN

3. The whole process is divided into 2 parts:
Anaerobic
No Oxygen
Occurs in cytoplasm
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process
Glucose is broken into pyruvic acid and ATP
Aerobic
Oxygen
Occurs in mitochondria
Divided into 2 stages:
Kreb cycle (citric acid cycle)
Electron Transport Chain

4. Glycolysis Remember…”-lysis” means “to break”
Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of PYRUVATE
Glycolysis is anaerobic
Pyruvate can then be used for cellular respiration
Location: cytoplasm
Occurs before cellular respiration can happen

5. Glycolysis Once glucose is imported into the cell:
Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate
Produces 4 ATP per glucose
2 ATP molecules are “used” up leaving us with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules produced for the cell to use for energy.
Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and provides the materials needed for the Kreb’s cycle
hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/chapte r25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.html

6. Electrons carried in NADH
and FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Krebs
Cycle
Electron Transport
Chain
Glycolysis
Glucose
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion

7. Aerobic Respiration Requires Oxygen
More effective than anaerobic (without oxygen), make MUCH MORE ATP
Location: Mitochondria

8. Aerobic Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
KNOW THE FORMULA!!!
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
GLUCOSE (FOOD) OXYGEN WATER CARBON DIOXIDE
Steps of the Process
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

9. Kreb’s Cycle (citric acid cycle)
Breaks pyruvate down into CO2
Occurs in the mitochondria
Produces 2 ATP per glucose
Produces NADH & FADH2
FADH2 and NADH provide power for the ETC
FADH2 and NADH are carrying chemical energy
The carbon dioxide produced here diffuses out of the mitochondria, out of the cell and into the bloodstream where it is carried to the lungs and diffuses into the air that we exhale.

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11. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Occurs in the lining of the mitochondrial membrane
FADH2 and NADH pass some of their electrons onto the ETC
ETC is like a game of hot potato, where electrons from FADH2 and NADH are the potato, and proteins in the mitochondria are the people passing the potato. OXYGEN IS REQUIRED.
The flow of electrons down the chain powers a special protein, called “ATP synthase,” which synthesizes (makes) ATP
Produces 32 ATP per glucose!
Total ATP production per glucose during aerobic respiration = 36 ATP

12. ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Channel
Intermembrane
Space
ATP synthase
Inner
Membrane
Matrix
ATP Production

14. Anaerobic Respiration: Fermentation
Sometimes a cell can’t get the oxygen that it needs to carry out aerobic respiration.
It carries out fermentation to make energy instead (ATP)
Less EFFECTIVE, doesn’t make as much ATP
Location: Cytoplasm

15. Fermentation
Isn’t a “clean burn” so nasty, or intoxicating, waste products are left behind
There are 2 types
Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Produces ethanol (alcohol) as a waste product
Used for producing beer, wine, and rising bread
Produces lactic acid as a waste product
-Is part of the burn you feel in your muscles when you exercise.

16. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Notice that a total of 2 ATP molecules are made for each molecule of glucose during glycolysis
Notice that NAD+ is “regenerated” to be used in glycolysis
This is a low energy yield process (only 2 ATP’s) but this can be enough to sustain our cells when we can’t get enough oxygen

17. Alcoholic Fermentation
alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products. Because yeasts perform this process in the absence of oxygen, ethanol fermentation is classified as anaerobic. Ethanol fermentation occurs in the production of alcoholic beverages and ethanol fuel, and in the rising of bread dough.
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
(ethanol)
*** 2 ATP molecules are made. NAD+ is reused in Glycolysi

19. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic: Remember has no nucleus or no membranes around their organelles. So where does Aerobic Respiration occur here?
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
Glycolysis: Cytoplasm Glycolysis: Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle: Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle: Mitochondria
ETC: Cell Membrane ETC: Mitochondrial Membrane
Fermentation: cytoplasm Ferm: Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic cells can yield a maximum of 38 ATP molecules while eukaryotic cells can yield a maximum of 36. In eukaryotic cells, the NADH molecules produced in glycolysis pass through the mitochondrial membrane, which "costs" two ATP molecules

20. Chemical formulas for Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration
Photosysthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cell Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

21. Products of Photosynthesis O2 + C6H12O6
(Reactants of photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O + ATP)
Reactants of Respirations
(products of respiration

22. Photosynthesis Light To Make
Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it as sugar.
This process occurs in plants and some algae (Kingdom Protista).
Plants need only light energy, CO2, and H2O to make sugar.
The process of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts, specifically using chlorophyll, the green pigment involved in photosynthesis.

23. Why does Chlorophyll have a green color?
Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light. However, it can not absorb the green wavelengths of light very well. As a result, it reflects the green wavelengths, which when they hit our eyes, we perceive as the color green.

24. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2

25. Photosynthesis
Step 1: Absorb light and break down H 2O into H+, H+, and O.
a.The remaining O’s from the water join together to form O2
Step 2: Light Energy converted to ATP (Light reaction)
a. Occurs in the thylakoid membranes o f the chloroplasts
Step 3: Dark Reaction (Calvin Cycle)
a. Occurs in the Stroma of the chloroplasts
The reactions of photosynthesis can be categorized as light- dependent reactions and dark reactions.

27. light dependent reactions
The light dependent reaction happens when
solar energy is captured to make a molecule
called ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate).
2. light independent or dark reactions. The dark reaction happens when the ATP is used to make glucose (the Calvin Cycle).

28. Light Reactions: Making ATP and NADPH
light dependent reactions The light dependent reaction happens when solar energy is captured to make a molecule called ATP (adenosine tri- phosphate).
Thylakoid Membrane: Electron Transport Chain
Light causes the movement of hydrogen ions through the protein (enzyme) provides energy to make ATP (photosystem 2: blue )
Also provides energy to make NADPH (electron acceptor) (photosystem 1 )
Red
Oxygen is given off

29. Dark Reactions: Calvin Cycle
light independent or dark reactions. The dark reaction happens when the ATP and CO2 is used to make glucose (the Calvin Cycle).
6 CO2 are added to a five Carbon Compound sugar
P-C-C-C-C-C-P + CO2
ATP ADP, NADPH NADP+
These break down into Six 3 carbon sugars
(6) P-C-C-C
One 3 carbon sugar is used to make Starch or Sucrose
The other 5 3carbon sugars are used to regenerate the initial 5carbon compound

33. What affects Photosynthesis?
Amount of Light
- Rate of photosynthesis increases with more light
- one saturation is reached it will level off: Pigments
cannot absorb any more light.
Amount of CO2
- Rate of photosynthesis increases with more CO2
- Saturation level reached cannot rate will level off
Temperature
- Decreased temps will decrease rate
- WHY? Enzyme activity

34. Function Location Reactants Products Equation Photosynthesis
Energy capture
Chloroplast
CO2 and H2O
C6H12O6 and O2
6CO2 + 6H2O 
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular Respiration
Energy release
Mitochondria
C6H12O6 and O2
CO2 and H2O
6O2 + C6H12O6 
6CO2 + 6 H2O
Function
Location
Reactants
Products
Equation