1. Cellular Respiration

2. Chemical Energy and Food
Food is the energy source for cells. The energy in food is measured in calories.
A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. There are 3811 calories in one gram of sugar glucose.
The cell doesn’t burn glucose directly but converts into an energy source, ATP, through a process that begins with the pathway called glycolysis.

3. Glycolysis Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a three carbon compound.
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell.
In the process of breaking glucose in half two molecules of ATP are needed but four molecules of ATP are produced creating a net gain of two molecules of ATP
4 high energy electrons are also removed and added to NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) creating NADH, which helps pass energy from glucose to other pathways in the cell.

4. To the electron transport chain
Glycolysis
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron transport chain

5. Chemical Pathways After Glycolysis
Glucose
Krebs cycle
Electron transport
Glycolysis
Alcohol or lactic acid
Fermentation (without oxygen)

6. Fermentation
When oxygen is not present, fermentation follows glycolysis
● Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen, this is an anaerobic process.
● There are two main types of fermentation:
Alcoholic fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation
● Alcoholic fermentation example is yeast which causes carbon dioxide to form and make bread rise.
● pyruvic acid + NADH  alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

7. Fermentation ● Lactic acid fermentation:
Pyruvic acid + NADH lactic acid + NAD+
● Lactic acid is produced in your muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues.
● “FEEL THE BURN” is actually the result of a build up of lactic acid in the muscles and can become painful and lead to cramps.

8. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Glucose
Pyruvic acid

9. Overview of Cellular Respiration
If oxygen is present, The Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain follow glycolysis
Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the electron transport chain make up the process called cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen (an aerobic process).
Cellular Respiration Chemical Equation

10. Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Mitochondrion
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Glucose
Electron Transport Chain
Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm

11. The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
The Krebs cycle is the 2nd stage of cellular respiration. (glycolysis is the 1st stage)
During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.
The Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle, because citric acid is one of its 1st products.

12. Stages Of The Krebs Cycle
The Krebs cycle starts when pyruvic acid formed by glycolysis enters the mitochondrion.
The pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide and a 2-carbon acetyl group.
The 2 carbons of the acetyl group join a 4-carbon compound to produce citric acid. The Krebs cycle continues in a series of reactions. In these reactions, two energy carriers accept high-energy electrons. NAD+ is changed to NADH, and FAD is changed to FADH2. These molecules carry high energy electrons to the electron transport chain. The carbon dioxide is released as a waste product.

13. The Krebs Cycle
Citric Acid Production
Mitochondrion

14. The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
The ETC is the 3rd and final stage of cellular respiration.
The ETC uses the high energy electrons to change ADP into ATP.
In the ETC, high energy electrons move from one carrier protein to the next.
At the end of the chain, oxygen pulls electrons from the final carrier molecule. These electrons join with hydrogen ions, forming water.
Each transfer along the chain releases a small amount of energy. ATP synthase uses the energy to produce ATP.

15. Electron Transport Chain
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Channel
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane
Space
ATP synthase
Inner
Membrane
Matrix
ATP Production

16. Cellular Respiration Overview
Glucose (C6H1206) +
Oxygen (02)
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO2) +
Water
(H2O)

17. ATP Totals For Cellular Respiration
● The totals for the cellular respiration cycle are as follows:
-Glycolysis: +4 ATP – 2 ATP = Net gain 2 ATP
-Krebs Cycle and ETC: +32 ATP
-Net gain for entire cycle is 34 ATP
Note: remember there are 2 ATP used in glycolysis, therefore only 34 ATP are realized for the cell’s further needs.
-The total number of ATP molecules formed during cellular respiration is 36

18. The Partnership Between Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration
The energy flows in photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur in opposite directions.
On a global level, photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and puts back oxygen.
Cellular respiration removes oxygen from the atmosphere and puts back carbon dioxide.