2. The common man comes to the forefront of political life. THE ADAMS PRESIDENCY LEADS TO THE JACKSONIAN REVOLUTION

3.  Becomes the Era of Hard Feelings  Four candidates with sectional ties  John Quincy Adams – New England  William Crawford – Georgia  Henry Clay – Kentucky  Andrew Jackson - Tennessee  All were Democratic- Republicans  People voted along sectional lines THE ELECTION OF 1824

4.  No majority in Electoral College  H of R selects from top 3 candidates  Jackson, Adams, Crawford  Clay supports Adams rather than Jackson - WHY?  House elects Adams instead of Jackson  “Corrupt Bargain!” with Jackson as the loser ELECTION OF 1824

5.  Began 2/9/1825 when House voted John Quincy Adams President  Republican Party split into two camps  National Republicans w/ Adams as leader  Democrats with Jackson JACKSON’S EARLY CAMPAIGN

6.  Jackson hammered at the “corrupt bargain” & “theft” of 1824 election  Only way to right the wrong - elect Jackson  “Jackson and Reform”  Supporters of Adams & Jackson lowered themselves to mudslinging DEMOCRACY WAS THE ISSUE OF 1828 CAMPAIGN

7.  Jackson wins in 1828 vs. Adams  A “revolution” for the common man  Adams loses the election but goes on to serve in the H of R from Mass. JACKSONIAN “REVOLUTION OF 1828”

8. Jefferson  Capable, well- educated people should govern for the people  Reflected agricultural society  Limited democracy to political aspects Jackson  People themselves should manage govt. affairs  Reflected agricultural as well as emerging industrial society  Political, economic, and social democracy JACKSONIAN VS. JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY

9.  1816 Tariff was generally acceptable in all sections  protect ALL U.S. industries from cheap British goods  Later tariffs not supported in South PROTECTIVE TARIFFS

10.  Another high tariff  Jacksonians pushed for higher rates hoping to embarrass Adams THE TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS (1828)

11. SS. Carolina the most vocal opponent RReal issue was fear of federal power AAlso of concern - economic distress of the Old South - the seaboard area

12.  The South thought that the Tariff of 1828 was only making the North rich at the expense of the South  John C. Calhoun (SC) secretly writes “The South Carolina Exposition and Protest” upholding the sovereignty of the states  Calls for states’ right to nullify unjust federal laws  Peggy Eaton Affair – conflict sharpened Jackson and Calhoun’s strong disagreement THE “YANKEE TARIFF”

13.  Started as an argument over public land policies  Becomes a classic debate between Sen. Daniel Webster (MA) & Robert Hayne (SC)  Real issue - states’ rights  “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.” - Webster THE WEBSTER-HAYNE DEBATE (1830)

14.  Webster’s speech reaffirmed the concept of the Union  Convinced people of the value of Union - worth fighting for  Perhaps did more to preserve the Union than the Union Army IMPACT OF THE DEBATE

15.  Though a Westerner himself, Jackson was a Unionist  He was a foe of nullification  He would soon be willing to use force, if necessary, to preserve the Union JACKSON AND THE IDEAL OF UNION

16. Radical South Carolina JACKSON AND THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS

17.  Many in South Carolina viewed the “Tariff of Abominations” as a wedge for federal interference  Updated Tariff of 1832 fell short of meeting Southern demands for lower rates  Touched off new nullification crisis NULLIFICATION CRISIS OVER TARIFF OF 1828 AND 1832

18. MAfter capturing a 2/3 majority in the SC state legislature, the “Nullies” called for a state convention MDeclared the tariff null and void within South Carolina MThe states had the right to nullify acts of the federal government they deemed to be unconstitutional MCalled for military preparations MThreatened to remove SC from the Union THE “NULLIES”

19. MJackson prepared to respond with force MSouth Carolina initially refused to back down MIf no compromise was reached, it would mean civil war JACKSON’S REACTION

20. MBrokered by Sen. Henry Clay (KY) MKnown as the “Olive Branch and the Sword” MGradually reduced rates by 10% over 8 years - addressing SC demands MHotly debated but passed 2/20/1833 MThe face-saving “Force Bill” by Congress MAuthorized force to collect duties MSC able to back away with dignity THE COMPROMISE TARIFF OF 1833

21. MA victory for both Union and nullification MSouth Carolina arguably came out better MIt won concessions on the tariff MWas South Carolina appeased, or only delaying a civil war? NO CLEAR-CUT WINNER IN THE CRISIS

22. MRMResponding with force against SC could have led to a wider conflict MFMForce indicates a failure of diplomacy MCMCompromise was traditional in America PERHAPS, BUT FORCE IS ALWAYS A RISKY SOLUTION.

23. And the Rise of the Whig Party THE JACKSON PRESIDENCY

24.  Soldier  Fought in the Revolution  Fought in the War of 1812  Fought in First Seminole War, 1817-18  Politics  U.S. Representative (TN), 1796-98  U.S. Senator (TN), 1797-98 (resigned)  Tenn. Superior Court Justice, 1798-1804  U.S. Senator, 1823-25  Presidential Candidate, 1824  Elected President, 1828 JACKSON’S CAREER BEFORE THE PRESIDENCY

25.  1st VP - John C. Calhoun (resigned 1832)  2nd VP - Martin Van Buren  Readily used the Presidential Veto  Jackson preferred to use his “Kitchen Cabinet”  Group of old friends and unofficial advisors who assisted Jackson  “To the victor belong the spoils.”  Elected officials replaced appointed officeholders with new appointees who were political friends and supporters  Jackson confronted the growing sectional crisis over tariffs and states’ rights.  In general, Jackson supported making internal improvements to the U.S. JACKSON AS PRESIDENT

26.  Henry Clay (National Republican) vs. Jackson (Democrat)  1st time that a 3rd party (Anti- Masonic) entered the race  Nominating conventions (3) used to choose candidates rather than caucuses  Natl. Reps. and Anti-Masons adopted & publicized party platforms THE ELECTION OF 1832

27.  Well-funded  Had a supportive corps of newspaper editors  Had influential supporters incl. Webster  Unable to overcome Jackson’s popularity  Jackson easily wins the election CLAY AND THE NATL. REPUBLICANS

28.  Jackson did not support the re-charter of the Second Bank of the U.S. - vetoed  Invested Fed. $ in Pet Banks (state banks)  Caused money supply to increase rapidly and fueled wild speculation in land  Tried to restore economic order by issuing the Specie Circular  to stop chaos created by Pet Banks and Wildcat banks (financially unsound)  Paper money should not be accepted in payment for federal government lands sold JACKSON AS PRESIDENT

29.  Maysville Road Bill:  Jackson vetoed it because he opposed federal support for projects entirely within a single state

30.  Jackson loved by the masses but his foes began to form an alliance  New party known as the Whigs  consisting of National Republicans, Anti-Masons, and breakaway Democrats  Socially conservative and Unionist  Whig voters tended to be native-born Protestants  Supporters of Henry Clay’s American System  Tariff to protect/promote American industry  National bank  Federal funding for roads, canals, and other internal improvements  A truly national party & cohesive force for Union for two decades THE WHIG COALITION

31.  Whig Party failed to unify under one leader  Democrat Martin Van Buren won the election of 1836  Panic of 1837 scars his presidency THE ELECTION OF 1836

32.  Van Buren attempted to “divorce” the U.S. govt. from banking  Independent Treasury Act  Van Buren suffocated by the 1837 depression and effective Whig campaigning (“Martin Van Ruin”) INDEPENDENT TREASURY ACT (1840) & THE 1840 ELECTION

33.  Master politician Van Buren beaten at his own game  William Henry Harrison – Whig Candidate  Tippecanoe and Tyler Too  Martin Van Buren – Democrat Candidate 1840 ELECTION