1. The Age of Andrew Jackson Nationalism to Sectionalism 1823 - 1860

2. Nationalism v. Sectionalism NATIONALISM Devotion to one’s country Devotion to one’s country People are willing to put interests of the nation before their own People are willing to put interests of the nation before their ownvs.SECTIONALISM Loyalty to a region or area Loyalty to a region or area Primary concern is for what helps “me” the most Primary concern is for what helps “me” the most

3. Jacksonian Democracy 1820’s Expansion of Democracy States dropped property qualifications to vote → Universal adult white male suffrage States dropped property qualifications to vote → Universal adult white male suffrage Rotation in office gave more people the opportunity to serve in government Rotation in office gave more people the opportunity to serve in government Spoils system Spoils system “To the victor belongs the spoils” “To the victor belongs the spoils” Appointments were made on basis of political loyalties (not always on merit or ability) Appointments were made on basis of political loyalties (not always on merit or ability) National Nominating Convention replaced caucus as method to choose political party candidates National Nominating Convention replaced caucus as method to choose political party candidates Return of the 2-party system Return of the 2-party system

4. Increased “A White Man’s Democracy” Slavery existed Slavery existed Women had no political or legal rights Women had no political or legal rights Native Americans lost rights and land Native Americans lost rights and land

5. Election of 1824 All candidates were Republicans All candidates were Republicans Only real issue in the campaign was the character of the candidates Only real issue in the campaign was the character of the candidates

6. The Results – no majority in Electoral College! Andrew Jackson Tennessee 99 electoral votes (43% of popular vote) John Quincy Adams Massachusetts 84 electoral votes (31% of popular vote) William Crawford Georgia 41 electoral votes (13% of popular vote) Henry Clay Kentucky 37 electoral votes (13% of popular vote)

7. Election to be decided by House of Representatives Andrew Jackson Tennessee 99 electoral votes John Quincy Adams Massachusetts 84 electoral votes William Crawford Georgia 41 electoral votes Henry Clay - eliminated Kentucky 37 electoral votes

8. “The Corrupt Bargain” Deal between JQ Adams and Clay Deal between JQ Adams and Clay Clay would encourage “his states” to vote for Adams when the House of Representatives voted, if Adams would appoint Clay to be Secretary of State Clay would encourage “his states” to vote for Adams when the House of Representatives voted, if Adams would appoint Clay to be Secretary of State

9. Jackson supporters were outraged Jackson had received the greatest number of popular votes and the greatest number of electoral votes, but Adams was chosen to be President Jackson had received the greatest number of popular votes and the greatest number of electoral votes, but Adams was chosen to be President Jackson supporters felt they had been “robbed”; vowed to get Jackson elected the next time Jackson supporters felt they had been “robbed”; vowed to get Jackson elected the next time

10. Election of 1828 Andrew Jackson v. John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson v. John Quincy Adams Only issue – personalities Only issue – personalities Jackson won after a campaign filled with mud-slinging and name calling Jackson won after a campaign filled with mud-slinging and name calling “Revolution of 1828” “Revolution of 1828” 3 times the number of voters than in previous election 3 times the number of voters than in previous election

11. “All Creation Going to the White House”

12. Why was Andrew Jackson so popular?... “The People’s President” Frontiersman – not from Virginia or Massachusetts Frontiersman – not from Virginia or Massachusetts Common man could identify with him – believed they had elected “one of their own”; lacked a formal education Common man could identify with him – believed they had elected “one of their own”; lacked a formal education War hero – Battle of New Orleans War hero – Battle of New Orleans Indian fighter – fought the Creek in Tennessee and the Seminoles in Florida Indian fighter – fought the Creek in Tennessee and the Seminoles in Florida

13. Jackson’s Cabinet Official Cabinet Official Cabinet Political new-comers; not much help to Jackson Political new-comers; not much help to Jackson Kitchen Cabinet Kitchen Cabinet Jackson’s friends who met with him in the Kitchen of the White House; gave him honest, straight-forward advice Jackson’s friends who met with him in the Kitchen of the White House; gave him honest, straight-forward advice

14. Issues in the Jackson Administration Nullification and the Tariff Nullification and the Tariff The Bank of the United States The Bank of the United States Removal of the Indians Removal of the Indians

15. The Tariff and Nullification

16. Opinions Opinions North – supported to protect developing industries and jobs North – supported to protect developing industries and jobs South – opposed because it raised prices and few industries were located in the South South – opposed because it raised prices and few industries were located in the South West – sided with North; success tied to success of the North West – sided with North; success tied to success of the North Tariff of Abominations Tariff of Abominations 1828 High protective tariff – lowered in 1832 but not enough to please some (South). 1828 High protective tariff – lowered in 1832 but not enough to please some (South).

17. Nullification Define: the act of canceling a law (usually a state canceling a national law) Define: the act of canceling a law (usually a state canceling a national law) South Carolina Exposition and Protest – written by J.C. Calhoun South Carolina Exposition and Protest – written by J.C. Calhoun Expressed the states’ rights philosophy that if the states created the union the states had the right to decide whether or not to accept laws passed by the national government Expressed the states’ rights philosophy that if the states created the union the states had the right to decide whether or not to accept laws passed by the national government

18. South Carolina declared the tariff “null & void” in the state and warned they would secede from the Union if the national gov’t attempted to collect the tariff. South Carolina declared the tariff “null & void” in the state and warned they would secede from the Union if the national gov’t attempted to collect the tariff. FORCE BILL Congress authorized President Jackson to collect the tariff by using military force Congress authorized President Jackson to collect the tariff by using military force

19. Compromise Tariff of 1833 Arranged by Henry Clay (The “Great Compromiser”) Arranged by Henry Clay (The “Great Compromiser”) Gradually lowered the tariff over 10 year period Gradually lowered the tariff over 10 year period Accepted by all sides Accepted by all sides (But just to prove the point, South Carolina nullified the Force Bill) (But just to prove the point, South Carolina nullified the Force Bill) Andrew Jackson ignored SC action Andrew Jackson ignored SC action

20. The Bank of the United States

21. Opinions Opinions North – generally supported the BUS – provided money for industrialization North – generally supported the BUS – provided money for industrialization South – generally opposed the BUS – symbol of the wealthy & powerful central government; preferred local, state banks South – generally opposed the BUS – symbol of the wealthy & powerful central government; preferred local, state banks West – generally opposed the BUS – didn’t favor farmers West – generally opposed the BUS – didn’t favor farmers

22. The Bank of the United States Why was it “the Monster”? Why was it “the Monster”? Powerful institution used by the wealthy and the industries to make a profit Powerful institution used by the wealthy and the industries to make a profit Jackson hated the BUS and vowed to veto the re-charter when it came up in 1836 Jackson hated the BUS and vowed to veto the re-charter when it came up in 1836

23. Why was the Bank charter rescheduled for 1832 (when it was originally scheduled for 1836)? Why was the Bank charter rescheduled for 1832 (when it was originally scheduled for 1836)? To make it an election year issue for Andrew Jackson and force Jackson to take a stand; that was the only hope Clay had to defeat Jackson To make it an election year issue for Andrew Jackson and force Jackson to take a stand; that was the only hope Clay had to defeat Jackson Veto – lose support of North Veto – lose support of North Not Veto – lose support of South & West Not Veto – lose support of South & West What action concerning the Bank did President Jackson take? He vetoed the re-charter

24. What was the result of the Election of 1832? What was the result of the Election of 1832? Jackson won by a wide margin Jackson won by a wide margin Saw that as a sign from the people that they approved of his veto and he took steps to “kill the Bank” Saw that as a sign from the people that they approved of his veto and he took steps to “kill the Bank” Jackson ordered the Secretary of the Treasury to remove gov’t deposits from the BUS Jackson ordered the Secretary of the Treasury to remove gov’t deposits from the BUS “Pet Banks” “Pet Banks” Were specially selected state banks that would hold the gov’t money Were specially selected state banks that would hold the gov’t money More sympathetic to farmers More sympathetic to farmers

25. Indian Removal

26. Indian Removal Policy 1830 – Congress passed the Indian Removal Act – forced resettlement to the west of the Mississippi River 1830 – Congress passed the Indian Removal Act – forced resettlement to the west of the Mississippi River Cherokee Nation v. Georgia – 1831 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia – 1831 Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee were not a foreign nation and had no right to sue in federal court Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee were not a foreign nation and had no right to sue in federal court

27. Worcester v. Georgia – 1832 Supreme Court ruled that Georgia law had no authority on Cherokee land Supreme Court ruled that Georgia law had no authority on Cherokee land Native Americans were not a state matter Native Americans were not a state matter Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s order Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s order “John Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it” “John Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it” Cherokee won the case but ended up losing the land and were force westward along what is known as the “Trail of Tears” Cherokee won the case but ended up losing the land and were force westward along what is known as the “Trail of Tears”

28. The Trail of Tears

29. The Trail of Tears By Robert Lindneux,1942

30. “King Andrew the First”