1. Social Development Nature and Nurture –Where does the division begin? Attachment Theory –Cupboard Theory (Freud) –The need for comfort (Bowlby & Harlow) –The Strange Situation and beyond (Ainsworth & Main)

2. Social Development Nature-Nurture –We are a complex and unique combination of our genes and environment –Reaction range Limits of the genotype Environment determines where in the range the gene is expressed

3. Social Development Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) –Cupboard Theory Children innately attracted to their mother for food Attachment purely for physical needs

4. Attachment Theory John Bowlby (1907-1990) –Internal Working Model –Innate fear of the unfamiliar –Built-in approach and sign behaviours

6. Attachment Theory John Bowlby (1907-1990) –Innate fear of the unfamiliar –Built-in approach and sign behaviours –Internal Working Model Harry Harlow (1905-1981) –Comfort vs. Nurture –Terry-Cloth vs. Wire-Milk Mother

8. Attachment Theory Harry Harlow (1905-1981) –Comfort vs. Nurture –Terry-Cloth vs. Wire-Milk Mother –Isolated monkeys spent more time with cloth (comfort) mother than wire (nurture) mother

9. 250-259 260-269 270-279 280-289 290-299 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Days of Age Mean time in Hours Time Spent on Mothers Cloth Mother Wire Mother

10. Attachment Theory Mary Ainsworth (1913-1999) –Child’s attachment with Mother –The Strange Situation (Gleitman,510-512) Children should use mother as secure base for exploration Children should exhibit separation anxiety Children should be less comfortable with a stranger than their mother

11. The Strange Situation 1.Parent and Infant enter experimental room 2.Parent and infant are alone. Infant explores. 3.Stranger enters, talks to mother and then approaches infant. 4.First Separation: Mother leaves room 5.First Reunion: Mother returns and stranger leaves 6.Second Separation: Mother leaves room again and stranger returns 7.Second Reunion: Mother returns, picks up infant; stranger leaves.

12. Patterns of Attachment Securely attached (65%) Children show distress when parent leaves room; seek comfort and contact upon reunion; then return to play Insecurely attached- avoidant (20%) Children seem aloof and may actively avoid parent upon return Insecurely attached- ambivalent (10%) Children become upset when parent leaves; at reunion they cannot be comforted and show anger to parent but, at the same time, express desire for contact Insecurely attached- disorganized (5%) Children act confused upon reunion. After parent’s return, they may stop moving or show contradictory behaviour patterns

13. Attachment and Adulthood Mary Main –Collected four generations of data examining the long-term effects of attachment style –The internal working model of relationships

14. Attachment and Adulthood Attachment Style View of themselves as adults View of relationships Experience in romantic relationships SecureBelieve they are likeable by others Characterize love by trust Tend to be more caring AvoidantDescribe selves as independent Believe they don’t need a “partner” Fear of intimacy AmbivalentHave many self- doubts View love as painful struggle Difficulty staying in love Disorganized!?!??!?!!?!?

15. Attachment and Adulthood Resilience and Nature-Nurture revisited –Patterns can change; they are not set in stone –Our environment is constantly changing influence on the way we define ourselves, others and social relationships –Crisis and change

16. Attachment and Adulthood How to create a secure attachment –Be emotionally available and responsive to the other’s needs in a predictable manner –Intimacy, passion and support –Conflict resolution strategies, self-disclosure and trust

17. Social Development Nature and Nurture –Where does the division begin? Attachment Theory –Cupboard Theory (Freud) –The need for comfort (Bowlby & Harlow) –The Strange Situation and beyond (Ainsworth & Main)

18. Happy Valentine’s Day & Have a great “READING” Week