1. Edward chose John Balliol
The Award of Berwick
17 Nov 1292 King Edward announced his decision
Edward chose John Balliol
This was no surprise – even 29 auditors Bruce had chosen voted for Balliol

2. 2 weeks later at Newcastle John Balliol paid homage to Edward I
26 Dec 1292
2 weeks later at Newcastle John Balliol paid homage to Edward I
During the ceremony Balliol:
Knelt in front of Edward I (his master)
Promised to obey Edward
Accepted Edward as his overlord
Accepted if he broke his promise he would be punished severely

3. Balliol was to become a puppet King
My Lord, Lord Edward, lord superior of the realm of Scotland, I, John Balliol, King of the Scots, hereby become your liegeman for the whole realm of Scotland….and I will maintain faith and fealty to you and your heirs, the kings of England.
Balliol was to become a puppet King

4. King John and King Edward
Balliol had agreed Edward was his overlord
No one was quite sure what this meant or what it would lead to…

5. Edward had promised in 1290 that Scotland would…
Treaty of Birgham
The Kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the Kingdom of England.
The Kingdom of Scotland shall keep her rights, laws, freedoms and customs.
No Parliament of Scotland shall be held outside the Kingdom of Scotland
The ruler of Scotland and the ruler of England shall freely rule their own kingdoms.
He now said the Treaty was only a marriage agreement and it was no longer valid

6. Edward takes control Edward gave orders to King John
But sometimes sent them directly to the nobles

7. Edward takes control
Edward made King John take part in Royal Ceremonies in England

8. Edward takes control
Edward began hearing appeals from the Scottish Courts of Law
Treaty of Birgham
The Kingdom of Scotland shall keep her rights, laws, freedoms and customs.

9. Edward takes control
The Nobles were annoyed and persuaded King John to protest…but this made Edward angry
In 1293 King John attended a meeting of the English Parliament to argue his case….
Standing in court in front of him, John carried out Edward’s orders and having experienced many insults from all, contrary to his kingly rank and dignity, he returned home greatly crestfallen
Chronicler

10. War Between England and France 1294
May 1294 war broke out between England and France
Why did war break out ?
How did this affect Scotland ?

11. Why did war break out? Edward ruled land in France
King Philip IV (The Fair King)
Edward I
Edward ruled land in France
1294 Philip said Gascony was part of France and wanted Edward to do homage for it

12. Why did war break out? Edward refused to do homage
King Philip IV
Edward I
Edward refused to do homage
King Philip decided to take the land from Edward
May 1294 England declared war on France

13. How did this affect Scotland
In 1294 Edward asked
King John
Ten Scottish earls
Sixteen Scottish barons
Fighting men
to join him in his war against France
The Scots did not want this - they had no problem with France

14. Scots Army invades North England
11 March 1296 Scottish leaders gathered feudal army near Selkirk
Scots army was led by Sir John Comyn
Selkirk
Carlisle
Carlisle castle
John Comyn
Scots army invaded north of England and attacked Carlisle

15. Scots Army invades North England
Carlisle castle was commanded by Robert Bruce (stayed loyal to Edward)
Carlisle was too strong to capture
The Scots withdrew but continued to carry out brutal raids on north of England
Sir John Comyn invaded England with an army of Scots, burning houses, slaughtering men and driving off cattle
English Chronicler

16. Edward’s response Edward marched his army to Berwick
Scotland’s chief port and wool trade centre
Berwick

17. Attack on Berwick Berwick was preparing for an attack
Wooden wall built around the town
Soldiers sent from Fife to defend the town
Women and children were moved out

18. Attack on Berwick
When Edward arrived he gave the town 3 days to surrender
The Scots replied with insults
30 March he subjected the town to 3 days of destruction and killing
Soldiers charged across wall
Ships sailed into the harbour to attack from sea
Edward ordered no life should be spared

19. Attack on Berwick Houses were looted Town was burned to the ground
Edward’s men killed without mercy
20,000 were killed
Bodies were hung on spikes on town walls
Berwick now became the headquarters of Edward’s administration

20. The Scots revenge Scottish army burned towns in north of England
In Northumberland they burning towns, villages, and churches
However, Edward was not going to be distracted from his attack on Scotland…..

22. Capture of John Balliol 1296
Whilst Edward was invading Scotland King John had fled to Aberdeen
At Perth Edward received letters of submission from King John
Banff
Elgin
Aberdeen
Montrose
Perth
8 July Balliol surrendered in person at Montrose
Stirling
Edinburgh
Dunbar
Berwick

23. Toom Tabard Edward held a ceremony in which he:
Renounced the treaty made with France
Ripped Balliol’s royal crest from his jacket and threw it on the floor
Toom Tabard – Empty Coat
Removed Balliol’s crown
Broke Balliol’s seal of office
Balliol was then imprisoned in the Tower of London

24. What eventually became of Balliol
After a request from the Pope he was sent to France in 1299
1301 he was released to live on his land in France
Many Scots hoped he would return to Scotland
However, he died in France in 1313

25. Edward takes control of Scotland
With Balliol in prison Robert Bruce asked Edward to make him King of Scots
Edward replied
Have we nothing else to do but win Kingdoms for you

26. Edward takes control of Scotland
Edward did 4 things to show he controlled Scotland
1. Ragman Roll
2000 important Scots were made to sign an oath of loyalty to Edward

27. Edward takes control of Scotland
2. Important Scots documents taken to England so Edward could rule Scotland

28. Edward takes control of Scotland
3. Symbols of Scottish Nationhood were taken to England
1) Stone of Destiny
Taken to Westminster Abbey
2) Holyrood of St Margaret
Taken to Westminster Abbey

29. Edward takes control of Scotland
4. English officials appointed to control Scotland
John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey – ‘Keeper of Scotland’
Hugh Cressingham – Treasurer (controlled finances)
Sir Walter of Amersham – Chancellor
Sir William Ormesby – Chief Justice

30. Reasons for the Scottish Rebellion
Edward left Scotland in 1296
He believed he had the country firmly under his control...
Why?

31. Edward’s control over Scotland
Nobles
Many had paid homage to Edward
Some were given lands in England

32. Edward’s control over Scotland
Prison
John Balliol was in the Tower of London
Many Scottish leaders and nobles were imprisoned

33. Edward’s control over Scotland
Hostages
Sons and relations of noblemen were taken to England

34. Edward’s control over Scotland
Promises of Loyalty
2000 Important Scots signed the Ragman Rolls

35. Edward’s control over Scotland
Castles
English garrisons controlled Scottish castles

36. Edward’s control over Scotland
Government
Englishmen governed Scotland
John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey – ‘Keeper of Scotland’
Hugh Cressingham – Treasurer (controlled finances)
Sir Walter of Amersham – Chancellor
Sir William Ormesby – Chief Justice

37. Edward’s control over Scotland
Church
Only Englishmen were promoted
Many continued to resist Edward
Bishop Fraser of St Andrews never agreed Edward was King

38. Despite this the Scots still rebelled...