4.  The appendicular skeleton includes all those bones not identified as components of the axial skeleton.  Colour the appendicular skeleton on page 52.  Then label the bones of the axial and appendicular and skeletons.

6.  FibulaCarpals  PatellaTarsals  FemurMetacarpals  MandibleMetatarsals  ClavicleTibia  ScapulaSternum  RibsHumerus  PelvisIntervertebral disc  CoccyxCervical vertebrae  RadiusThoracic vertebrae  CraniumLumbar vertebrae  MandibleSacrum  UlnaPubic symphysis  Phalanges(hands and feet)  FibulaCarpals  PatellaTarsals  FemurMetacarpals  MandibleMetatarsals  ClavicleTibia  ScapulaSternum  RibsHumerus  PelvisIntervertebral disc  CoccyxCervical vertebrae  RadiusThoracic vertebrae  CraniumLumbar vertebrae  MandibleSacrum  UlnaPubic symphysis  Phalanges(hands and feet)

7. The Skull (page 56) When born the bone plates of a babies skull are slightly separated. In fact, where three bone meet there is a hole called fontanelle. These features enable the skull to compress during childbirth, making delivery easier. Over time the cranial plates move closer together and fuse to completely protect the brain. The bones of an adults skull are held together by fused bones called sutures. Baby Adult

8. The pelvic and pectoral girdles provide attachment for the appendices. The pectoral girdle provides attachment for the upper limbs (arms), whilst the pelvic girdle provides attachment for the lower limbs (legs). The pectoral girdle includes the scapula and clavicle. The clavicle pulls the scapula forward, holding it in place. The pelvic girdle is bowl shaped with wide flat surfaces. This provides a large surface area for leg and abdominal muscle attachment.

9. The Limbs (page 57) The upper limbs are primarily involved in manipulation of objects. The ulna and radius connections at proximal and distal joints (i.e. at the elbow and wrist joints) are reversed. This ‘crossing’ of the bones allows the radius to rotate around the ulna, creating an increased dexterity in the arm. The main function of the lower limbs is locomotion. They carry the weight of the body and attachment for the large muscle groups involved in movement (walking, running etc.) The fibula in the lower leg runs parallel to the tibia, acting as a brace and providing extra support and muscle attachment. The Hands and Feet (page 59) The wrist contains a number of small bones that allow it a great range of motion. The thumbs ability to touch each finger (opposability) allows fine motor control and excellent manual dexterity.

10. A Clavicle C Scapula D Humerus E Ulna F Radius G Carpals H Metacarpals I Phalanges

11. A Pelvis B Sacrum C Femur D Patella E Tibia F Fibula G Tarsals H Metatarsals I Phalanges J Navicular K Calcaneus

12. The wrist contains a number of small bones that allow it a great range of motion. The thumbs ability to touch each finger (opposability) allows fine motor control and excellent manual dexterity. The feet are responsible for transferring weight from heel through to toes during locomotion. The foot contains two arches to help with locomotion. The longitudinal arch runs the length of the foot and the transverse arch cuts across the foot. The arches act as shock absorbers as weight is transferred through the feet.

13. Functions of the vertebral column Protect and support the spinal cord. Provide attachment for muscles. Attachment for ribs, girdles and cranium.

15.  Normally 12 pairs of ribs.  7 pairs of true ribs – attached to sternum.  5 pairs of false ribs – not attached directly to the sternum. (2 of these pairs are floating)  Normally 12 pairs of ribs.  7 pairs of true ribs – attached to sternum.  5 pairs of false ribs – not attached directly to the sternum. (2 of these pairs are floating)