1. CH 22 Upper Respiratory Anatomy James F. Thompson, Ph.D.

2. Complex Pathway For Respiration Specialized structures for: –conduction –gas exchange –position along the respiratory pathway determines the cell type lining the airway Two anatomical and clinical subdivisions –upper respiratory tract –lower respiratory tract

3. The Shape of the Nose Evolves in Response to the Environment

4. The Nose and Nasal Cavity Anatomy –external nares –vestibule –nasal cavity and septum –nasal conchae and meatuses –paranasal sinuses Physiology –hairs filter air –mucosa warms and humidifies air –mucus traps air particles –olfactory epithelium detect smell stimuli –entire structure serves as resonating chamber for speech sounds

5. The Pharynx Anatomy –nasopharynx –oropharynx –laryngopharynx Physiology –the common passage way for air and food –guarded by tonsils –not an intelligent design! naso oro laryngo

6. The Larynx Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Epiglottis (“valve”) 3 smaller pairs of cartilage Cuneiform Corniculate Arytenoid

7. The Larynx Voice Production Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) Vocal folds (true vocal cords) –during exhalation laryngeal muscles pull the folds across the opening and tense the folds –exhaled air induces vibrations which create sound waves –volume –pitch

8. The Trachea Anatomy –mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia –conduction portion of the airway has ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells –cartilage “C” shaped rings allow for support, expansion, protection trachealis muscle on esophageal (dorsal) side Physiology –airway has same cleaning defenses as nasal cavity, but also the mucociliary elevator –we cough to clear the airway

9. The Bronchi Carina –Sensitive area –Cough reflex Entering lungs - primary bronchus  secondary bronchi  tertiary bronchi  bronchioles  terminal bronchioles Bronchi - R & L primary bronchi –R shorter, wider more vertical

10. The Respiratory Tree Extends Into The Lungs Structural changes –Epithelium –Cartilage –Smooth muscle Parasympathetic (ANS), allergic response - bronchoconstriction Sympathetic (ANS) response - bronchodilation histamine release allergy/asthma

11. End CH 22: Upper Respiratory Anatomy