1. Early American History: Articles of Confederation-Constitution

2. SSUSH5 The student will explain specific events and key ideas that brought about the adoption and implementation of the United States Constitution.
a. Explain how weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and Daniel Shays’ Rebellion led to a call for a stronger central government.
b. Evaluate the major arguments of the anti-Federalists and Federalists during the debate on ratification of the Constitution as put forth in The Federalist concerning form of government, factions, checks and balances, and the power of the executive, including the roles of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.
c. Explain the key features of the Constitution, specifically the Great Compromise, separation of powers (influence of Montesquieu), limited government, and the issue of slavery.
d. Analyze how the Bill of Rights serves as a protector of individual and states’ rights.
e. Explain the importance of the Presidencies of George Washington and John Adams; include the Whiskey Rebellion, non-intervention in Europe, and the development of political parties (Alexander Hamilton).

3. Development of the Articles
Plan drafted by John Dickinson
Supported by Benjamin Franklin
Articles of Confederation presented to Congress on July 12th, 1776
Adopted by Congress - November 15th, 1777
All states had agreed by 1781 – took effect
Guaranteed each state “sovereignty, freedom and independence”

4. Aftermath of the Revolutionary War

5. Revolutionary War Ended by Treaty of Paris (1783) Government:
2nd Continental Congress
Articles of Confederation

6. Articles of Confederation
a. Explain how weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and Daniel Shays’ Rebellion led to a call for a stronger central government.

7. Articles of Confederation
Congress of the Confederation
Members appointed by state legislatures
Each state had one vote
Roles of the Congress
Conduct foreign affairs
Make treaties
Declare war
Coin money
Establish post offices

8. Weaknesses in the Articles
Laws were hard to pass
Needed 9 of 13 states to approve
Amendments needed all 13 to approve
Congress could not force the states to obey decisions or laws
Congress could not tax or raise an army
Printed money that was not backed by specie

9. The Land Problem
Many states had land claims that extended to Pacific Ocean
Land = money
Western territory of states was surrendered to Congress

10. Land Ordinance of 1785 Western land – “Northwest Territory”
Divided into townships
Townships divided into acre lots
DID YOU KNOW: Each township had one lot reserved for a school. This was the first federal aid for public education.

11. Also known as the Land Ordinance of 1787
Northwest Ordinance
Also known as the Land Ordinance of 1787
Established system of government for the Northwest territories
Banned slavery in the territory
Road to Statehood:
3-5 states would be created out of the land
When population reaches 5,000 eligible voters, it can elect a bicameral legislature and send a nonvoting member to Congress
When population reaches 60,000 free residents, it becomes eligible for statehood and can draft a state constitution.
Congress must then approve the new state

12. Shays’ Rebellion (1786) Led by Daniel Shays in Western Massachusetts
Farmers protested against high taxes
Seized courthouses and closed down debtors courts/property auctions
Concerns: National government could not deal with issues that arise

13. Call for Reform Congress called for a Constitutional Convention
Purpose: Revise the Articles of Confederation
Began May 14, 1787

14. Constitutional Convention
Met in secret
Why?
Agreed to replace Articles with a new document
Would feature a stronger national government

15. Virginia Plan First proposed plan of government Major parts:
Bicameral Legislature (Congress)
Representation based upon population or money
Lower house elected by voters, upper house by lower
Executive
Chosen by Congress
Judiciary
Bicameral: Legislature with 2 separate parts, or houses

16. New Jersey Plan Counter proposal Major parts:
Unicameral: Legislature with only 1 part (or house)
Counter proposal
Major parts:
Unicameral Legislature (Congress)
Equal representation
Executive (more than 1)
Chosen by Congress, removed by state governors
Judiciary (Supreme Court)
Chosen by Congress

17. Virginia Plan v. New Jersey Plan
Bicameral Congress
Representation based on population/$
1 executive chosen by Congress
Supported by large states
NEW JERSEY
Unicameral Congress
Representation based on equality
More than 1 executive chosen by Congress
Supported by small states

18. Features of the Constitution
c. Explain the key features of the Constitution, specifically the Great Compromise, separation of powers (influence of Montesquieu), limited government, and the issue of slavery.

19. Constitutional Compromises
Great (or Connecticut)
3/5
Commerce and Slave Trade

20. Great Compromise Population or Equality? Debate over Representation
Also called the Connecticut Compromise
Debate over Representation
Result:
Bicameral Congress
Upper Chamber: Senate
Lower Chamber: House of Representatives
Population or Equality?

21. Great Compromise SENATE Smaller 2 per state HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Equality!
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Larger
Based on population
DID YOU KNOW: The Connecticut Compromise has also been called the “Great Compromise,” because without it we may not have had a new Constitution!

22. Slaves should not count!!!
Issue of Slavery
Since population counts, what about slaves?
Slave-holding states
Non slave-holding states
Slaves should count!!!
Slaves should not count!!!

23. Three-Fifths Compromise
All free persons counted, “all other persons” (i.e. slaves) count for 3/5 of a person
Used for both representation and taxes

24. Three-Fifths Compromise

25. Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise
Congress had the power to regulate trade
Why could this be dangerous?
Tariffs?
Export duties not allowed
Import duties allowed
Slavery?
Importation of slaves allowed until at least 1807
Runaway slaves must be returned South
Remember, the population of the North was greater than that of the South. Many in the southern states were worried that the new Constitution would not protect them.

26. Concept:
Separation of Powers
Three Branches of Government

27. Separation of Powers Concept: Influence of Montesquieu
Contained in “Spirit of Laws” (1754)

28. Limited Government Concept: Government is not all powerful
The government must operate under certain laws and protect the rights of both people and the states

29. Federalists Anti-Federalists
VS.
b. Evaluate the major arguments of the anti-Federalists and Federalists during the debate on ratification of the Constitution as put forth in The Federalist concerning form of government, factions, checks and balances, and the power of the executive, including the roles of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.

30. Federalists People who favored ratification of the new Constitution
Supported a strong national government
Reasons:
Needed one for security/prosperity

31. Federalists Important Federalists: James Madison John Jay
Alexander Hamilton

32. Anti-Federalists
People who were opposed to ratification of the new Constitution
Opposed to a strong, central government
Reasons:
Illegal – Convention was only to change Articles
Would destroy state’s rights
New gov’t resembled a monarchy

33. Anti-Federalists Important Anti-Federalists: George Mason
Patrick Henry
George Clinton
Richard Henry Lee

34. Also known as “The Federalist Papers”
Series of 85 essays
Written between the fall of and spring of 1788
By James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay
Most cited essays:
#10 – by James Madison
#51 – by James Madison
#84 – by Alexander Hamilton
DID YOU KNOW: The Federalist Papers were written under the pseudonym Publius.
DID YOU KNOW: Anti-federalist writings were later collected and published as the “Anti-Federalist Papers.”

35. Arguments about form of government
FEDERALISTS
Stronger national government was necessary for success
The national government should have most of the power
ANTI-FEDERALISTS
Stronger national government was just as bad as living under a king
The states should have most of the power

36. Arguments about factions
FEDERALISTS
Would be easy to handle any problems that come up
ANTI-FEDERALISTS
Factions would form due to long terms for Representatives and Senators
Factions would not help the common people
People only vote on Representatives

37. Arguments about checks and balances
FEDERALISTS
Balancing powers between different people will make sure none become too powerful
ANTI-FEDERALISTS
Most of the powers should be in the state to be closer to the people to keep anyone from becoming too powerful

38. Arguments about executive power
FEDERALISTS
Constitution favored election of rich
No bill of rights to protect poorer and uneducated men
ANTI-FEDERALISTS
Too much in the hands of one man
Executive is not elected by the people

39. Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804)
First Secretary of the Treasury
One of Washington’s closest advisors
Influential Federalist

40. James Madison (1751-1836) “Father of the Constitution”
“Architect” of the Constitution
Influential Federalist

41. Formal Approval of the Constitution
Ratification
Formal Approval of the Constitution

42. Ratification Maryland - Apr. 28, 1788 Delaware - Dec. 7, 1787
Each state had to vote to approve the Constitution
Maryland - Apr. 28, 1788
Delaware - Dec. 7, 1787
South Carolina - May 23, 1788
Pennsylvania - Dec. 12, 1787
New Hampshire - June 21, 1788
New Jersey - Dec. 18, 1787
Virginia - June 25, 1788
Georgia - Jan. 2, 1788
New York - July 26, 1788
Connecticut - Jan. 9, 1788
North Carolina - Nov. 21, 1788
Massachusetts - Feb. 6, 1788
Rhode Island - May 29, 1790

43. The Bill of Rights
d. Analyze how the Bill of Rights serves as a protector of individual and states’ rights.

44. Bill of Rights Anti-Federalist Concerns
1st Ten Amendments to the U.S. Constitution
Why were these passed?
Anti-Federalist Concerns
Purpose: Protect rights of the people & states

45. 1st - Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion, Assembly, Petition
2nd - Right to Bear Arms
3rd - Cannot be made to quarter soldiers
4th - Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures
5th - Due process of law + no self-incrimination, double jeopardy
6th - Rights of accused persons (ex. speedy and public trial)
7th - Right of trial by jury in civil cases
8th - No excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments
9th - Other rights of the people
10th - Powers reserved to the states

46. As Protector of States’ Rights..
Amendment X
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
What does this mean?
If a right is NOT given to the federal government, then it belongs to the states.
For example:
Congress is not given the right to give licenses to people – therefore, the states are the ones that do it. Each state can have it’s own individual laws.

47. America Under the Constitution
e. Explain the importance of the Presidencies of George Washington and John Adams; include the Whiskey Rebellion, non-intervention in Europe, and the development of political parties (Alexander Hamilton).

48. George Washington (1732-1799) #1
President of the United States: (1st)
President of Constitutional Convention
War hero
Unanimously elected first President of the United States under the U.S. Constitution (1789)
French & Indian War Revolutionary War
"First in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen."

49. Washington’s Administration
Vice President: John Adams
Cabinet:
Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of War: Henry Knox
Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Attorney General: Edmund Randolph
Created by Congress – not mentioned in Constitution

50. Major Events of Washington’s Presidency
Creation of Cabinet (1789)
Creation of Supreme Court / Court System
Judiciary Act of 1789
Monetary Policy
Government would pay off all of its debts & assume much of states’ debts
Bank of the United States (National Bank)
Jay’s Treaty
Whiskey Rebellion

51. Judiciary Act of 1789 Established federal court system
District court in each state
Supreme Court
6 justices
Defined the powers/jurisdiction of each court

52. Bank of the United States
Purpose:
To provide stability to the financial system
To make credit available

53. Argument over the Bank of the U.S.
Loose Construction
Supported by Alexander Hamilton
Congress could do anything UNLESS the Constitution said otherwise
“Necessary and Proper” clause
Strict Construction
Supported by Thomas Jefferson
Congress could ONLY do what the Constitution specifically stated

54. Jay’s Treaty (1793) Goal: Avoid another war w/ Britain Main Results:
Solve issues remaining from Revolution
Main Results:
British would leave Northwest Territory in 1 year
Small US ships could trade in British West Indies
Rejection of American position on neutral rights
Searches of American vessels/Impressment of sailors would continue
No compensation for American ships/slaves taken

55. Flags carried by members of the rebellion
Whiskey Rebellion
Flags carried by members of the rebellion
Causes:
1791 – Congress passes a tax on whiskey
Rebellion:
1794 – 6,000 men attacked U.S. Marshals attempting to enforce the tax
Washington leads army of 13,000 – rebellion ends
Results:
Shows power of the federal government
grain
whiskey
Easier to transport

56. Non-intervention in Europe
U.S. foreign policy
First stated in George Washington’s Farewell Address
“Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence therefore it must be unwise to implicate ourselves, by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships, or enmities Why, by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European Ambition, Rivalship, Interest, Humour, or Caprice?”

57. Development of Political Parties
People divided over their view of the future of America
Democratic-Republicans
Led by Thomas Jefferson
Strict Constructionists
Favored farmers, poor
Federalists
Led by Alexander Hamilton
Loose Constructionists
Favored industry, rich

58. Development of Political Parties
FEDERALISTS
America should be run by wealthy & educated
Favored in the North
Favored industry/ urban areas
DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS
Farmers and middle class could be trusted to run country
Favored in the South
Favored rural areas

59. Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804)
First Secretary of the Treasury
Founded Bank of U.S.
Influential Federalist
Believed in rule by rich & powerful

60. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) Third President of the United States
Influential Republican
Believed in rule by the everyday man
Feared industry

61. President of the United States: 1797-1801 (2nd)#2
John Adams ( )
President of the United States: (2nd)
Politician from Massachusetts
Served as Vice President under Washington
Handpicked by Washington to be his successor
Federalist

62. Adams’ Administration
Vice President: Thomas Jefferson
Administration was a disaster
Many Federalists were still loyal to Alexander Hamilton, not John Adams
Vice President Jefferson and President Adams did not get along
Republican

63. XYZ Affair (1798)
In response to Jay’s Treaty (1793), France began seizing American ships
Negotiations
Three men sent to France to make peace
Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry
Negotiations w/ France broke down
French officials demanded bribes
DID YOU KNOW: After the XYZ Affair, the U.S. and France fought a short, undeclared naval war.

64. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Passed in response to undeclared war with France
Purpose:
protect the U.S. from foreign influences

65. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
What it did:
Lengthened citizenship residence requirement from 5 to 14 yrs.
Gave President authority to deport any “dangerous” foreigner
Illegal to “print, write, or speak in a scandalous or malicious way against the government”
Result:
Weakened Federalists

66. Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions (1798)
Written by T. Jefferson & J. Madison
Democratic-Republicans
State legislatures in KY and VA argued the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional
Therefore, states did not have to obey these laws
Doctrine of "Nullification"

67. “Midnight Judges”
Judges appointed by President Adams right before Jefferson takes office
After Adams was defeated by Jefferson
Many were removed from office
Some were never given their appointment

68. Principle of Judicial Review
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
William Marbury was a “midnight judge”
Declared part of Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
Principle of Judicial Review

69. Election of 1800 Jefferson vs. Adams Republicans win
“Constitutional Crisis”

70. Meant to be Vice President
Election of 1800
Meant to be Vice President
T. Jefferson and Aaron Burr receive the same number of electoral college votes
73 each
In case of tie = House of Reps. Votes
Federalists hoped to cause confusion by supporting Burr
Hamilton disliked Jefferson but hated Burr
Gives support to Jefferson
Jefferson officially selected president just a few weeks before inauguration

71. Result of the Election of 1800
Twelfth Amendment
Separate vote in Electoral College for Pres. & VP
In case of tie/no majority:
House votes on Pres.
Senate votes on Vice Pres.
Vice President must be eligible to serve as Pres.
Each state with 1 vote