1. APES 10/21 and 10/22 No Warm-up today! Get a laptop for note-taking

2. Learning Targets I can explain the key components of the 5 major cycles of matter (CHNOPS)

3. Cycles of Matter What Molecules do Organisms Need? How do Organisms Get Those Molecules?

4. Cycling of MATTER in Ecosystems Organisms need energy AND matter to survive Ex: molecules to build bones, muscle, fat While energy flows in one direction, matter recycles in ecosystems The most important molecules that recycle are water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and oxygen (CHNOPS)

5. The Water Cycle Water is necessary for organisms to maintain an internal balance and to transport molecules like sugars and enzymes Water is a renewable resource that we access through a water shed Water shed = area of land that catches rain and snow and drains or seeps into a marsh, stream, river, lake or groundwater

6. The Water Cycle Transpiration Evaporation Precipitation Condensation Runoff

7. The Carbon Cycle Required for all living organisms on earth Needed to make DNA, proteins, fats, sugars In nature, found as CO 2 (gas) and many solids (in alive and dead organisms) Photosynthesis and respiration are key processes to keeping the cycle going

8. Photosynthesis and Respiration Photosynthesis (by plants) CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Respiration (by most organisms) C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O Carbon dioxide Water SugarOxygen sunlight Carbon dioxide Water SugarOxygen

9. Photosynthesis and Respiration Note how the OUTPUT of photosynthesis is the same as the INPUT of respiration Note how the OUTPUT of respiration is the same as the INPUT of photosynthesis Matter CYCLES back and forth between photosynthesis and respiration. This is where oxygen is recycled, too!

10. The Carbon Cycle

11. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is a key component of proteins and DNA Nitrogen is present as gas in the atmosphere turned into a solid plants to use it Nitrogen fixation- bacteria (land) or cyanobacteria (aquatic) turn N 2 (gas) into NH 3 and NH 4 + (solids) Denitrification- bacteria in sediments of aquatic areas convert solids back into gas

12. Nitrogen Cycle Ammonification also adds to NH 3 in the soil. Process of decomposers converting detritus and eventually ammonia. Nitrification- another type of bacteria convert the NH 3 and NH 4 + solids into nitrate ions (NO 3 -) for plants to assimilate (absorb)

13. Nitrogen Cycle

14. Nitrogen Cycle- Human Impacts Make sure to include impact of excess nitrates/eutrophication, burning of fossil fuels, use of fertilizers that increases denitrification (research!)

15. The Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus is an important building block of DNA and ATP; all living things must have phosphorus P is found in rocks, and enters food webs when plants take up phosphorus found in soil Only one that doesn’t cycle through the atmosphere! (no gaseous form) P is a limiting factor for primary productivity because it isn’t easy for plants to acquire.

16. Major human impact: phosphate run-off (research)

17. The Sulfur Cycle Most sulfur is found in oceanic sediments, rock and mineral layers on earth Enters atmosphere through burning of fossil fuels, volcanic activity, forest fires, release of hydrogen sulfide by respiring bacteria S is an impurity in coal and petroleum (human impact = burning of coal leading to smog and acid rain)

18. More than you need to know!

19. Project Work Time! You have an hour to work on your flipbook Use the rubric! Please! Next time: quiz on all cycles of matter