1. Ex. 7 - Climbing
Ex. 7 - Climbing

2. OBJECTIVE
What you will learn:
How to climb at a variety of attitudes and airspeeds, taking into account:
obstacle clearance
visibility
engine cooling
ATC instructions
passenger comfort
How to accurately level off at desired altitude and establish cruise.
Ex. 7 - Climbing

3. MOTIVATION
Why learn this?
Many factors need to be considered and accounted for when climbing
Learn to execute appropriate type of climb for a variety of scenarios
no one type of climb will work for all situations!
Ex. 7 - Climbing

4. Links You already have understanding of:
attitudes and movements
power control
mixture and carburetor heat control
Today we put all these tools together to make the plane go up.
Ex. 7 - Climbing

5. Let’s see how much you already know:
BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
Let’s see how much you already know:
What mixture setting should be used for climbs?
What should be carb heat position in a climb?
What effect does adding power have on yaw?
How does one control yaw?
What other movement can yaw induce if not controlled?
Why?
Why?
A: Full rich mixture is used for climbs, largely for better engine cooling, since unburned excess fuel helps lower the temperature. Engine cooling is critical in climbs, because the engine is heating up due to high rpm and is not cooling very well (if it’s an air-cooled engine) due to low airspeed and high angle of attack.
A: Carb heat should be off in climbs. One reason is, again, to try to keep the engine cooler. Another is that hot air is less dense than hot air, so using heated air decreases climb performance, since you have fewer molecules to mix with fuel and burn.
A: The plane wants to yaw to the left, due to increased propeller slipstream, and some other factors.
A: Use the rudder! Step on the right pedal!
A: If not controlled, yaw will result in roll, so the plane will want to bank.
Ex. 7 - Climbing

6. Theories and Definitions
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Theories and Definitions
Best Angle of Climb (Vx)
Best Rate of Climb (Vy)
Normal Climb
Enroute Climb
Instruments in a Climb.
Ex. 7 - Climbing

7. Best Angle of Climb (Vx)
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Best Angle of Climb (Vx)
Easy to remember:
lots of angles!
Greatest altitude gain in a given distance
Shortest distance to gain given altitude
What is Vx for your plane?
When is this useful?
DISADVANTAGES of Vx
poor forward visibility
engine may overheat!
Ex. 7 - Climbing

8. Best Rate of Climb (Vy) Greatest altitude gain in a given time
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Best Rate of Climb (Vy)
Greatest altitude gain in a given time
Shortest time to gain given altitude
What is Vy for your plane?
When is this useful?
Ex. 7 - Climbing

9. Vx vs Vy best rate = Vy best angle = Vx THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
What would happen if you tried to pitch even higher and go even slower than Vx?
Which climb is best rate
and which is best angle?
best rate = Vy
best angle = Vx 25
Ex. 7 - Climbing

10. Normal Climb Somewhat higher speed than best-rate.
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Normal Climb
Find it in the POH
Somewhat higher speed than best-rate.
Optimal combination of:
climb performance
visibility
engine cooling
Ex. 7 - Climbing

11. Vx vs Vy vs Normal Climb best rate = Vy normal climb best angle = Vx
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Vx vs Vy vs Normal Climb
best rate = Vy
normal climb
best angle = Vx 25
Ex. 7 - Climbing

12. Enroute Climb Between normal climb and normal cruise speed
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Enroute Climb
Between normal climb and normal cruise speed
Use when in no hurry to get to altitude
Best for:
forward visibility
engine cooling
passenger comfort
Ex. 7 - Climbing

13. What instruments are moving during a steady climb?
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Instruments in Climb
What instruments are moving during a steady climb?
The only instrument whose indications are changing during a steady climb is the altimeter.
Ex. 7 - Climbing

14. Procedures Climb Entry from Cruise During Leveling Out. PROCEDURES
Ex. 7 - Climbing

15. Climb: Entry from Cruise
PROCEDURES
Climb: Entry from Cruise
Cockpit check: oil T+P in the green, carb heat cold, mixture rich
Look-out!
Attitude
Power
Trim
pull back on the yoke to set nose-up attitude
How will power affect yaw?
full power
check airspeed at correct value
retrim airplane
Go up to your APT
Ex. 7 - Climbing

16. Climb: During Lower the nose every 500 ft for look-out
PROCEDURES
Climb: During
Lower the nose every 500 ft for look-out
Maintain coordinated flight with rudder
Maintain straight flight with ailerons
Cross-check airspeed indicator to maintain appropriate climb speed
Ex. 7 - Climbing

17. How will this affect yaw?
PROCEDURES
Climb: Leveling Out
If climbing up to 4500 feet at 500 feet per minute, begin leveling out at…
Begin leveling out at 10% of rate of climb
Attitude
Power
Trim
push yoke forward to return to cruise attitude
allow plane accelerate to cruise speed
power back to normal cruise setting
How will this affect yaw?
retrim airplane
lean mixture as appropriate
Ex. 7 - Climbing

18. Considerations Air Density Other Factors Weight Carb Heat Flaps
Landing Gear.
Ex. 7 - Climbing

19. Air Density: Effect on Climb
CONSIDERATIONS
Air Density: Effect on Climb
The 3 Deadly H’s
What effect to they have on air density?
HEIGHT
HEAT
HUMIDITY
What effect does low air density have on climb performance?
Ex. 7 - Climbing

20. Other Factors: Effect on Climb
CONSIDERATIONS
Other Factors: Effect on Climb
Weight
Carb heat
Flaps
Landing Gear
more work to bring heavier plane up
Why?
mixture too rich
DECREASED CLIMB PERFORMANCE
add lift, but also drag
Where can you look up climb performance?
What else increases drag?
A: hot air less dense; less air per amount of mixture
A: chipped paint, removed wheel pants
A: POH (look it up)
A: No (accounted for: heat, altitude. not accounted for: humidity, old engine, old paint, no wheel pants)
adds drag
Can we always count on getting POH numbers?
Ex. 7 - Climbing

21. SAFETY lower nose every 500 feet to check for traffic
Cockpit check before all climbs
Look-out before and during climb
lower nose every 500 feet to check for traffic
Avoid excessive pitching up, especially near the ground
may lead to a stall
Avoid climbs at Vx for long periods of time
inadequate engine cooling
Ex. 7 - Climbing

22. REVIEW
Review:
What is the difference between best rate of climb, best angle of climb, and normal climb?
What are your plane’s airspeeds for those climbs?
What is the procedure for entering a climb from cruise?
What is the procedure for leveling out?
Why do we keep full power for several seconds after leveling out?
Should be memorized!
Ex. 7 - Climbing

23. CONCLUSION
Conclusion
You now understand how climbing works, and how to climb to desired altitude using the right tool (type of climb) for the job
Next lesson: Ex. 8 - Descending
Ex. 7 - Climbing