1. Migration, Settlement, and the Rise of Agriculture
Bering Strait (Beringia)
Land bridge connecting Asia and North America

2. .
Map 1.1 Routes of the First Americans The peopling of North America began about 20,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age, and continued for millennia.

3. SSUSH1 The student will describe European settlement in North America during the 17th century
a. Explain Virginia’s development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, relationships with Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of the House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the development of slavery.

4. Thirteen British Colonies

5. The Virginia Company
The King of England granted a charter to the Virginia Company which established Jamestown as their settlement in 1607.

6. Tobacco
At first the Virginia Company failed to produce a cash crop and the Jamestown colony nearly failed.
John Rolfe established a blend of tobacco that was sold in England and produced a cash crop that made the colony prosper (1614).
The original colonists to Jamestown tried to produce glass, and naval stores as a means of raising cash, but met with little success.

7. The House of Burgesses
The Virginia Company established a representative body to help run the colony in 1619.
The House of Burgesses was made up of a governor and 20 representatives, or burgesses, from the colony’s 10 towns.

8. Relations with the Natives
The local natives, the Powhatan, had an uneasy peace with the Virginia Company settlers and traded them food, helping the colony to survive for the first few years.
Relations eventually deteriorated and in 1622 the Powhatan attack Jamestown, killing many settlers.
The uprising is put down, but causes the King to revoke the Virginia Company’s Charter, turning Virginia into a Royal colony led by a governor appointed by the King.
The colony nearly failed in 1608 and had only 53 colonist left. 400 new settlers arrived in The colony nearly failed again during the winter of when the population dwindled down to 60 settlers after most of the settlers died from starvation, disease, or attacks from the local Natives

9. Bacon’s Rebellion Nathaniel Bacon:
-a frontier farmer who was upset with the way the Governor was ruling the Virginia colony .
-Governor took away many voting rights and failed to protect frontier farmers, who wanted more western land, from Native attacks.
Governor William Berkeley believed that only the wealthy should vote, and established rules which allowed him and his councilors not to pay taxes

10. Bacon’s Rebellion
Bacon raised a militia and took over Jamestown in 1676
The Governor retook the colony later that year after Bacon became ill and died

11. Slavery comes to Virginia
The first Africans came to Virginia in 1619 and were not used as slaves but as baptized servants.
By the 1680s slaves began to replace indentured servants as workers in Virginia.
The Africans were brought on a Dutch ship. English law prohibited the use of baptized Christians as slaves, and they were purchased by the colony as servants. In 1672 England granted a charter to the Royal African Company making easier for the English colonies to acquire slaves

12. Questions
What role did the Virginia Company and tobacco have in saving the Virginia colony?
What type of government did the House of Burgesses form?
What was the relationship between the Powhatan and the colonists? How did it change and why?
Why did Nathaniel Bacon lead a revolt in Virginia?
What did role did the first Africans play in the development of Virginia?

13. SSUSH1 The student will describe European settlement in North America during the 17th century
b. Describe the settlement of New England; include religious reasons, relations with Native Americans (e.g., King Phillip’s War), the establishment of town meetings and development of a legislature, religious tensions that led to colonies such as Rhode Island, the half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials, and the loss of the Massachusetts charter.

14. New England settlement
The Pilgrims, which were a separatist group that broke away from the Church of England, established the Plymouth Colony in 1620.
The Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by John Winthrop in 1630 as a refuge for Puritans who were being persecuted in England.

15. Massachusetts Bay Colony
Laws were passed requiring everyone to attend the Puritan church.
The government collected taxes used to support the established Puritan church.
The Puritan Church was intolerant of other religions.
Settlers could be charged with heresy and banished from the colony if they spoke out against the church.

16. Rhode Island
In 1635 a preacher named Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for speaking out against the Puritan way.
Williams founded Providence: he separated the church and state and allowed differing religious beliefs.

17. Half-Way Covenant
Created in 1662, it provided a partial church membership for the children and grandchildren of Puritan church members as a means of keeping the church's influence in society.

18. King Phillip’s War
By the 1670s colonial governments began demanding that natives follow English laws and customs.
King Phillip (a Native leader), led an uprising against the colonists .
King Phillip was killed in 1676 and the war ended in 1678 ending any further Native resistance in New England.

19. Salem Witch Trials 20 residents of Salem executed for being witches.
Accused by a group of teenage girls.
The group admitted later that they had made up the accusations.
Reasons for the accusations may have been from cultural/economic differences. wDdtOwYi8vY .

20. New England Government
Town Meetings: town residents met to discuss local issues and to pass laws for the local community.
Town meetings gave the locals a chance at self government (Why would this lead to the American Revolution?).

21. Massachusetts loses it’s Charter
The Glorious Revolution in England led to the removal of King James II.
William and Mary issue a new, Royal Charter in 1691.
The new charter held that:
The people could elect an assembly, however King William held the power to appoint the Governor.
Voters had to own property, but no longer had to be members of the Puritan Church. (How did this spell the end of Puritan Power in New England?)

22. Questions
Why did the Puritans colonize Massachusetts and how did their religion influence their government?
Why was Rhode Island founded?
How was the half-way covenant a response to the founding of R.I.?
What were the causes and results of King Phillip’s War?
What type of local government did the Massachusetts colonists develop?
How did Massachusetts lose it’s charter?

23. SSUSH1 - The student will describe European settlement in North America during the 17th century
c. Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic colonies; include the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and subsequent English takeover, and the settlement of Pennsylvania
d. Explain the reason for the French settlement of Quebec

24. New Amsterdam Henry Hudson first discovered the area for the Dutch.
By 1614, the Dutch establish fur-trading posts and name the area “New Netherland” .

25. New Amsterdam
New Amsterdam, located on Manhattan Island, was the main Dutch settlement.
To increase the population, the Dutch allowed anyone to buy land in the new colony, making the colony very diverse.
King Charles II of England felt the Dutch were growing too strong, and seized the colony in 1664 for England.
England divides the area into two new colonies, New York, and New Jersey.

26. Pennsylvania
In 1680 William Penn, a Quaker, inherited an area south of New York as a debt from King Charles II.

27. Quakers
Quakers believed that there was no need for churches or ministers (How did this differ from the Puritan beliefs?)
They also advocated pacifism, and objected to political and religious authority

28. Pennsylvania Pennsylvania was Penn’s “holy experiment”
-complete political and religious freedom
-friendly relationship with the natives lasted over 70 years
-made land available to all settlers

29. The French in Quebec
The French find “New France” and use it as a base for fur trading.
Fur became fashionable in Europe, increasing the demand.
Quebec becomes the capital of New France.

30. Jamestown
Jamestown was founded on a small island, which was located several miles inland from the Atlantic Ocean on the James River.

31. Jamestown
The island offered protection from attacks by the local natives and Spanish ships.
The location also made it ideal to ship goods (tobacco) back to England, and access to a food source (fish).

32. New York City
New York was founded by the Dutch on the tip of Manhattan Island just inland from the Atlantic Ocean. It was established as a fur trading post.
NYC Circa 1609
(National Geographic)

33. New York City
New York is also located on a large, natural harbor, making it suitable for shipping and trade.

34. Questions Why did the French settle in Quebec?
What geographic features each made Jamestown and New York City ideal for settlement?
Why did the English take of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam?
How was the settlement of Pennsylvania different from the settlement in Massachusetts?

35. SSUSH2: The student will trace the ways that the economy and society of British North America developed
Explain the development of mercantilism and the trans-Atlantic trade.
Describe the Middle Passage, growth of the African Population, and African-American culture

36. Mercantilism
Believed that for a country to become rich and powerful it had to accumulate gold and silver -Had to sell more goods than what it bought -Should be self-sufficient in raw materials -Needed to establish colonies to get the raw materials from -Would then turn around and sell finished goods back to their colonies

37. Middle Passage
The portion of the triangular trade which brought enslaved Africans to the Caribbean and American colonies

38. Atlantic Slave Trade

39. Early Slavery in the Colonies
The first Africans brought to Virginia and Maryland were treated more like indentured servants, and could win their freedom by converting to Christianity.
Slave codes: In 1705 Virginia formed a set of laws which defined and regulated slavery.
Slavery became a recognized institution by the early 1700s.

40. African-American culture in the colonies
Africans in the colonies came from differing regions in West Africa and spoke many different languages.
In South Carolina, a common language combining English and African words called Gullah was formed by slaves as a means of communicating.

41. African-American culture in the colonies
African and Christian beliefs, and musical forms, were also culturally mixed.

42. Review: Colonial Culture
1. The colonial business in which Europeans transported African slaves to America and sold them to white slave owners was called what?
A. mercantilism C. individualism
B. triangular trade route D. the Atlantic slave trade
2. Which of the following is true regarding African Americans in the American colonies?
A. Most of them were slaves who gained freedom after 7 yrs. of service.
B. They came to America from a variety of different backgrounds.
C. They were all slaves because the law prevented blacks from ever being free.
D. Most enjoyed a great amount of social mobility in the colonies.

43. Benjamin Franklin The Great Awakening
c. Identify Benjamin Franklin as a symbol of social mobility and individualism
d. Explain the significance of the Great Awakening

44. Benjamin Franklin Born in Boston as one of 17 children.
Worked for his brother in Boston as a printer’s apprentice.
In 1723,at the age of 16, he ran away to Philadelphia, with a little more than a dollar in his pocket.
Became an inventor, a supporter of the American Revolution, a statesman, and a major figure in the Enlightenment.

45. The Great Awakening
Stressed a dependence on God and was widely accepted by farmers and slaves
-Preachers used revivals as a means of spreading their message
-Jonathan Edwards: Preached in New England stressing the need for repenting in order to be born again

46. The Great Awakening
George Whitefield: Based in Philadelphia, believed that all ministers must be reborn.
In the South, the Baptist movement reached out to freemen and slaves.
The Great Awakening was one of the last major cultural developments prior to the American Revolution.

47. Unit 2 Terms to Know Powhatan Bacon’s Rebellion
Massachusetts settlement
Half-Way Covenant
King Phillip’s War
Massachusetts charter
Salem Witch Trials
Mid-Atlantic Colonies
Pennsylvania
New Amsterdam (New York)
Quebec
Mercantilism
Transatlantic trade
Middle Passage
Benjamin Franklin
Individualism
Social Mobility
The Great Awakening

48. I. The Spanish and French
The First Europeans
I. The Spanish and French
First inhabitants (Native Americans) of North America migrated from Asia using a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska
they established the first societies
Some were advanced in art,
science, technology, and agriculture
First Europeans arrived in the
15th & 16th centuries (Spain,
France, Great Britain

49. Jamestown, Virginia
Jamestown became the first
successful English colony in 1607
Founded by a joint-stock
Company (company owned by
investors) called the Virginia
Company sponsored the colony and hoped to make money off the production of raw materials
The settlers were not used to doing hard, manual labor – they came to get rich

50. Jamestown, Virginia
The settlers did not concern themselves with raising crops; they came looking for gold and other riches
Jamestown was in a swampy area, vulnerable to disease-carrying mosquitoes
Freezing winters, infectious diseases, and starvation killed many settlers

51. John Rolfe saved the colony when he discovered tobacco (“brown gold)
Jamestown, Virginia
Captain John Smith took over the colony and forced the settlers to work – “He who does not work, shall not eat.”
John Rolfe saved the colony when he discovered tobacco (“brown gold)
Became extremely profitable and the colony’s chief source of income
Created a class of wealthy, large landowners
To attract more settlers to the colony, Virginia instituted the headright system
Promised 50 acres of land to those who settled in the colony

52. Virginians and Native Americans
When the British colonists arrived they found Indians living under a tribal confederation led by Chief Powhatan
Native Americans initially helped the settlers survive its first winter
Later 200 Native Americans attacked Jamestown
The settlers used canons, then negotiated a peace
Powhatan remained distrustful and watchful
March 1622, Powhatan’s brother, led a surprise attack on
Jamestown killing 300 colonists
Jamestown residents retaliated killing just
as many Indians

53. Virginia’s Social Structure
A small group of wealthy landowners exercised most of the power in each colony
In Virginia
Landowners, poor farmers, indentured servants, slaves
Indentured servants – people who could not afford to come to North America on their own; they agreed to work for a landowner for up to seven years in exchange for the landowner paying for their trip

54. Slavery Arises in Virginia
Slavery a system in which people are “owned” like property.
English colonists eventually viewed Africa as their most efficient source for slaves
The first Africans came in 1619 as indentured servants
The plantation system resulted from slavery
Plantations were huge farms owned by wealthy landowners who raised cash crops (crops grown for trade and profit)
Plantations required lots of manual labor

55. Virginia’s Government
1619 Virginians established the colonies’ first elected legislative body the - House of Burgesses
Helped lay a foundation for the ideas about representative government that would develop in the colonies

56. Southern, Middle, and New England Colonies
New England colonies: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut
Middle colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware
Southern colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
Some colonies were established as royal colonies, governed direct by the king through an appointed royal governor
Other colonies were proprietary or charter colonies
Proprietary – colonies granted to a group of private owners for development
Charter – colonies to which the crown granted a charter for the purpose of establishing a government

58. Southern Colonial Society
Southern Colonies
Southern Colonial Society
Strong class distinctions
People believed that male members of the upper class should be the ones in positions of power and authority
Public education did not exist – some education took place in homes; wealthy used private tutors or sent their children to Europe
Rich landowners remained part of the Church of England
Methodist and Baptist congregations became common among poorer southerners

59. Southern Colonial Economy
Southern Colonies
Southern Colonial Economy
Tobacco became an important cash crop for Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina
Rice and indigo were important crops for South Carolina and Georgia
Staple crops (crops in large demand and provide income) such as tobacco and rice led to plantation system and more reliance on slave labor

60. New England Colonies
Besides wealth, people came to North America because of religious dissent (disagreement with the Anglican Church)
English leaders viewed any protest or refusal to follow Anglican teachings as a betrayal
Many left to escape persecution
Puritans wanted to purify the Anglican Church and have a community built on “pure biblical teaching”
In 1620 Puritans, called Pilgrims established a colony in Plymouth, MA (celebrated first Thanksgiving in 1621)
Another group of Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony

61. New England’s Colonial Economy
New England Colonies
New England’s Colonial Economy
Didn’t raise cash crops
Relied on the Atlantic Ocean
Leading industries were shipbuilding, trade, and fishing
Transported goods from England and the West Indies
Acquired sugarcane, molasses, rum in that they traded for African slaves
Boston, MA became a major urban center
Had small farms for self-sufficiency

62. New England Colonies New England Government
Mayflower Compact defined New England’s first efforts at self- government
Document was drafted while the Puritans (Pilgrims) were still on board the Mayflower ship
Established an elected legislature and said the government derived its power from the people
Wanted rule by local government not England
Used town meetings where local, tax-paying citizens met to discuss and vote on issues

63. New England Colonies Religion and Dissent
Puritan church was central part of life in New England
In Massachusetts every settler had to attend and support the Puritan church
Dissenters were often banished from the colony
Roger Williams and Anne Hutchison both left Massachusetts because they disagreed with teachings of the Puritan Church
Founded Rhode Island
Massachusetts lost is charter in 1684 and became a royal colony in 1691

64. New England Colonies The Half-Way Covenant and the Salem Witch Trials
Puritans established the Half-way Covenant to allow the offspring of early Puritans to stay in the church without undergoing “conversion experiences”
Children and grandchildren only needed to be baptized to be partial members
In 1692, commitment to protect the Puritan faith led to the Salem Witch Trials
Young girls were accused of being witches and put to death
Also affected independent-minded women

65. New England Colonies New Englanders and Native Americans
First interactions were peaceful
Series of wars broke out as settlers continued to move west, pushing Native Americans off their land
1675, Metacom (“King Philip”) united Native Americas in New England unsuccessfully against English settlers
King Philip’s War: nearly 2000 colonists killed; Metacom was forced to retreat and was killed in Rhode Island
English colonists gained firmer control over area

66. Middle Colonies
Culturally diverse – settled by other nationalities (Dutch, Swedes, etc.)
Mid-Colonial Economy
Depended on farming and commerce
Raised staple crops like wheat, barley, rye
Had urban centers such as New York and Philadelphia – important ports for shipping products
Few slaves; had a fur trade
Had an economic relationship with Natives

67. Middle Colonies Diversity in the Middle Colonies
William Penn founded Pennsylvania as a homeland and haven for Quakers
Did not recognize class differences, promoted equality of the sexes, pacifists, dealt fairly with Native Americans
Believed in religious tolerance: attracted German Lutherans, Scotch- Irish Presbyterians, and Swiss Mennonites
New York was founded as a Dutch colony
Jews and Christians made New York home

68. Middle Colonies From “New Amsterdam” to New York
Dutch (Europeans form the Netherlands) originally settled the area known as New York – calling it New Netherland, establishing a trading post at New Amsterdam
Built a successful trading industry
Area was taken from the Dutch by England in when King Charles II put his brother, the Duke of York, in charge
Area renamed New York

69. Colonial Culture Slavery and African Americans
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Portugal established the slave trade in the 15th century
Grew drastically from the 15th to the 19th centuries, ending the 1800s

70. Slavery and African Americans
Soon the Dutch, British, Spanish, and French joined the slave trade
Slave ships carried millions of Africans to the Americas
They arrived via the Middle Passage – route taken by ships carrying slaves from Africa to North America
The Middle Passage the middle leg of the “triangular trade” (Europe, Africa, the Americas)

71. The Atlantic Slave Trade

72. Colonial African American Culture
Africans came from many different cultures within Africa
Spoke different languages, had different religious beliefs, different traditions
Adopted aspects of Christian religion mixed with their African traditions
Regional differences determined work of slaves
South – worked on plantations
North – worked as artisans
Some slaves bought their freedom, others were freed by masters, others escaped and began maroon settlements – communities formed in frontier areas by escaped slaves

73. Individualism and Social Mobility
Many Europeans came to North America for social mobility (moving from one social status to another)
In the colonies land was abundant
Indentured servants could eventually own land, earn the right to vote
Every individual could work hard and advance – individualism
Led to universal suffrage for white males and democracy

74. Individualism and Social Mobility
Benjamin Franklin
Inventor, scientist, writer, ambassador, founding father
Example of individualism and social mobility
Not born in the upper class
Parents could not afford to educate him
Quit school at 10, became an apprentice in his older brother’s print shop
Built a fortune as a writer, inventor, scientist
As a political theorist he became very respected in government
Used his natural abilities, hard work, and creativity to climb the social ladder

75. Religious Expression
First Great Awakening
Religious movement that featured passionate preaching from evangelists like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield
Believed colonists had forsaken God
Wanted to “awaken” religious feelings through the use of revivals
Encouraged colonists to think for themselves on religious matters
Ensured principles like freedom of religion and separation of church and state

76. Mercantilism and Trade
Mercantilism – countries grow wealthier and maintain their national security by consistently exporting more than they import
Wanted to maintain a “favorable balance of trade” (export more than the import)
Needed the colonies for additional resources and markets
Shipped colonies’ products and raw materials to England and the West Indies (trans-Atlantic trade)