1. Chap. 10 Launching the New Ship of State 1789-1800

2. Chapter 10 Essential Question To what extent was our earliest government a success? A failure?

3. Themes: Led by Washington and Hamilton, the first administration under the Constitution overcame various difficulties and firmly established the political and economic foundations of the new federal government. A Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution, and precedents were established.

4. The Cabinet debate over Hamilton’s financial measure with the creation of the Bank of the United States (BUS) expanded into a wider political conflict partially centered around interpretation of the “elastic clause” between Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffersonian Democratic -Republicans—the first political parties in America.

5. The French Revolution created a severe ideological and political division over foreign policy between pro-British Federalists and the pro-French Republicans. The foreign-policy crisis coincided with domestic political divisions that culminated in the bitter election of 1800, but in the end, power passed peacefully from Federalists to Republicans (the so-called “Revolution of 1800.”)

6. I. Growing Pains 1790 = 4 million people, 90% rural, 95% east of Appalachians Largest cities: Philadelphia, NY, Boston, Charleston, Baltimore Vermont, Ken, Tenn, Ohio in as states Distrust of government Western settlers restive Finances precarious

7. II. Washington for President Washington unanimously elected by Electoral College Temporary 1 st capital = New York City Establishes precedent of Cabinet –Sec. Of State = Thomas Jefferson –Sec. Of Treasury = Alexander Hamilton –Sec. Of War = Henry Knox (heard of Fort Knox?) –And Postmaster General

8. III. The Bill of Rights Anti-Federalists opposed Consti. because lacked one Proposed by 2/3 of Congress w/ Madison’s help Ratified by 9 states by 1791 1 Freedom of speech, press, religion, peaceable assembly, petition 2 Right to bear arms 3 Quartering of soldiers 4 Unreasonable searches and seizures 5 Trial rights, right to life, liberty, and property 6 Criminal trial rights 7 Civil trial rights 8 Bail and punishments 9 All rights are not listed 10 All rights not listed reserved to states + people Judiciary Act of 1789 to set up federal courts John Jay = 1 st Chief Justice + 5

9. IV.Hamilton Revives Corpse of Public Credit Sec. Of Treasury = Alexander Hamilton –A bit of an elitist, but a financial wizard –Favor wealthy who’d be grateful to gov’t Must improve our credit! –Funding at par – gov’t will pay face value on debts Speculators grabbed up bonds when dirt-cheap –Assume complete debt Tie all states as well as rich to federal gov’t this way States w/ smaller debt (mainly the South) not happy, so… Assumption Bill –Pay the entire debt at par and put nation’s new capital in the South

10. V. Customs Duties and Excise Taxes Debt is now $75 million Hamilton – debt is a blessing, not bane—more money you are owed, more stake you have in stable gov’t Sources of paying debt? –1. External customs duties/tariff = 8% Both revenue and protective purposes –2. Internal excise tax On some domestic items, esp. whiskey This will hurt western farmers

11. VI. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Hamilton’s idea: Private bank, government the major stockholder and w/ government deposits but with limited government involvement; print currency = loose construction Jefferson’s reaction: No! Not allowed for in enumerated powers in Constitution (Art. I, Sec. 8, clauses 1-17); so therefore right is reserved to states = strict construction Hamilton’s reaction to that? “elastic” necessary and proper clause of 18 th clause implies it since gov’t can coin money, collect taxes, regulate trade, etc. Bank chartered for 20 years; most support came from North

12. VII.Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania Whiskey Rebellion –Unhappy westerners against excise tax because they’ve been distilling grain since it’s cheaper to transport –Tar and feather tax collectors –Washington calls militia; 13,000 arrive –“Whiskey Boys” had dispersed Significance? New government commands a new respect! (Not like with Shays’ Rebellion!)

13. VIII. The Emergence of Political Parties Many of Hamilton’s successes at the cost of states’ rights (funding, assumption, excise tax, bank) Leads to rise of first 2 parties Founding Fathers hadn’t prepared for that Ironically, most agree parties improve democracy

14. IX.The Impact of the French Revolution French Revolution has a huge impact on new U.S. and world Jefferson’s Democratic- Republicans – support war, even with Reign of Terror Hamilton’s Federalists – oppose war, especially with Reign of Terror Then French Revolution spreads to Britain which will now affect us

15. X. Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation 1778 Franco-American alliance still in effect; U.S. supposed to help them defend West Indies Jeffersonians want to honor alliance Washington felt we were too new to risk it; must delay involvement Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 (announced w/out consulting Congress) –Gov’t is neutral and so should citizens be Citizen Genet tries to secure our involvement –We were incensed; he was sent home and replaced Our neutrality actually favored France – they needed us to feed Fr. West Indies; Bri. could blockade us

16. XI. Embroilments with Britain British retained posts on US soil to insure its fur trade and use Indians to buffer Gen. “Mad Anthony” Wayne – defeated Indians in Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794 –Leads to Treaty of Greenville of 1795 – ceded Ohio Bri. assumed we’d defend France’s West Indies, so they seized 300 of our ships, impressed our sailors, Jeffersonians were especially angry, but we cannot risk war with anyone so early

17. XII. Jay’s Treaty, Washington’s Farewell Jay’s Treaty of 1794 –Britain will evacuate posts, pay damages for any past seizures of Am. ships –No promises for future seizures, impressments, Indians –We will pay our debts on pre-war accounts Jeffersonians feel this is humiliating and are galvanized to form their party Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795 –Spain doesn’t want us to get too close to Bri. –free use of Mississippi and disputed Fla. land Washington’s Farewell Address –Establishes precedent of 2 term limit – SHOCKING that he stepped down! –Warns us of permanent alliances and parties

18. XIII. “Bonny Johnny” Becomes President Hamilton was unpopular, so Fed. chose John Adams Dem.-Rep. chose Thomas Jefferson Some rather ugly campaigning Adams won, but Jefferson came in second because Founding Fathers hadn’t anticipated distinct parties; corrected by 12 th Amendment Adams not as formidable as Washington –Stuffy, stubborn, tactless, aristocratic, trying to fill Washington’s shoes, hated by Hamilton who has split off into “high Federalists,” and we’re still quarrelling w/ Fr.

19. XIV. Unofficial Fighting with France France angry about Jay’s Treaty –Start seizing our ships, impressing our sailors –Won’t receive our envoy in Paris XYZ Affair-Adams sent 3 men to France –John Marshall + 2 hope to meet Talleyrand –Approached by X, Y, Z wanting a bribe –Return home –“Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute!” –Federalists happy, Jeffersonians ashamed War preparation at home –Navy and Marine Corps established –Some bloodshed in West Indies Will there be war with France?!

20. XV. Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party Talleyrand makes up to us, because he doesn’t want war or to drive us closer to Britain Adams at high point of popularity, but wisely wants to also avoid war, so appoints new minister to France (Hamiltonians angry) 3 new envoys meet w/ Napoleon Convention of 1800 –Fr. will annul alliance w/ us –US, not Fr., will pay claims of Amer. shippers –Our only peacetime mil. alliance for 150 years Adams did good to preserve peace; lays groundwork for La. Purchase

21. XVI. The Federalist Witch Hunt Federalists had gotten anti-Jeffersonian laws passed due to anti-French frenzy Alien Acts –Lengthened residency time for naturalization from 5 to 14 yrs. –Pres. can deport dangerous foreigners in peacetime and imprison them in wartime Sedition Acts (to expire in 1801 before next election) –Anyone who impeded or defamed gov’t or officials could be fined and imprisoned –What about freedoms of press and speech?!

22. XVI. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions Jefferson penned Kentucky Resolutions Madison penned Virginia Resolutions (remember, Madison had been a Federalist!) Both called on “Compact theory” of gov’t – contract between states and federal gov’t States have the right to “nullify” laws of excessive gov’t Others said people had made contract, so it was up to Supreme Court to rule laws unconstitutional Defeated, but will be used by South before secession

23. XVII. Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans See chart for differences (next)

24. Issue Fed. Dem.-Rep. LeaderHamiltonJefferson Level of powerNationalStates BritishProAnti FranceAntiPro Elastic clauseLooseStrict BUSProAnti livelihoodCommercialAgrarian supportersCoast, northernSouth, southwest tariffProAnti Alien & Sedition Acts ProAnti navyProAnti Nat’l debtProAnti

25. Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790s.

26. The Bill of Rights did not come from a desire to protect the liberties won in the American Revolution, but rather from a fear of the powers of the new federal government. Assess the validity…