1. PE Revision 1 Beginning to Industrial Revolution

2. LO – to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the history and development of sport as we know it today

3. Revision Tools Handwritten notes – brief, concise, examples Annotate – highlight, notes Mindmaps Keyword cards Timelines

4. The History of Sport – An Overview Sporting events and changes are influenced by the economic, social and political situations in place at the time.

5. Medieval period (1200 - 1485) People had little time or energy for recreational activities Leisure time activities were originally confined to feast days Games were local in nature, each village having its own particular activities for feast days From time to time the government banned traditional activities in favour of archery training

6. Tudor and Stuart period (1485 - 1714) Traditional folk games and activities flourished in Tudor times Puritanism greatly reduced the opportunities to play and types of activity allowed After the restoration in 1660, traditional activities were revived Sport moved away from its former links with merrymaking and lawlessness

7. Hanoverian period (1714 - 1790) Play and sport were largely ignored by the government People of all classes enjoyed their leisure to the full Increasing industrialisation demanded regular working patterns There was some pressure for Sunday to be a day of rest Large gatherings for sport often meant social disorder Regular, organised, rule-governed sport on a national scale emerged

8. Changing times (1790 -1830) Traditional sport was under attack from all sides Factory owners wanted a regular working week Property owners feared the damage caused by large crowds Churches criticised idleness, drunkenness and slack morality Commercialisation of sport developed, especially in horse racing, cricket and prize fighting

9. Victorian Sport (1830 - 1901) Sport developed in the context of industrial capitalism and class inequality Sport became linked to a moral code defined by the middle classes: - it was accepted that sport developed character and morality - competition had to be fair and rule-governed with similar conditions for all players - sport was to be played, not for reward, but for its own sake Nationwide sport developed through the influence of technology, the public schools and the national governing bodies For the masses, Saturday afternoon free from work was the turning point, enabling them to play and spectate Amateur and professional sport became increasingly separated Working class sport in school was limited largely to drill and therapeutic gymnastics

10. Edwardian Sport (1901 - 1918) Organised sporting involvement expanded rapidly across all classes Increasingly, the different classes played their sport separately Public school athleticism still dominated sport Male working class influence increased, notably in football in England and rugby in Wales. However, working class women were largely excluded from sporting involvement Commercialisation of sport continued with large numbers of spectators and increased numbers of professionals in major sports Sport was increasingly a matter of national concern

11. Between the world wars (1918 - 1940) Steady growth in sports participation continued for all classes of society, although working class worm were least involved Most sports were still class orientated Football (in all its versions) continued to increase in popularity and by the 1930s, was the most popular sporting activity Lack of facilities became an issue, particularly when national teams failed There was little government involvement in sport, apart from physical education in schools School physical education moved from therapeutic exercises to recreative physical training Commercialisation of sport expanded rapidly, especially the provision for spectator sport Sport, as a part of a national culture, now extended to the majority of the population

12. British Sport (1940 - Today) An improved standard of living has enabled greater participation in sport for most social groups Amateur administrators only reluctantly allowed commercial forces to enter the world of sport Professional sportspeople had a long battle to be given fair rewards Television coverage increased in importance for sport and the sponsors The definition of amateurism for competition was replaced by the concept of eligibility Central government involvement in sport has always been fragmentary There has been a long standing underfunding of sport by central government An advisory Sports Council was established in 1965 and the independent executive Sports Council in 1972

13. British Sport (1940 - Today) Physical education was established in the 1944 Act for its educational value The movement approach conflicted with traditional games teaching Physical education moved away from educational values towards physical recreation and more recently towards health-related fitness Various academic qualifications in physical education stimulated scrutiny of the subject (for example, BEd, CSE, GCSE, A-Level) Physical education is now established in the national curriculum as a foundation subject There has been an increasing influence of market forces on schools, physical education, sports facilities and sport

14. Ancient Olympic Games Started 776 BC Banned 394 AD – no pagan festivals allowed Held in Olympia – a sacred fertile valley Purpose – religious, cultural, sporting festival, in honour of Zeus (father of gods) Philosophy – discipline for body and mind. Perfect human – ‘marriage of mind and muscle’ 4 yrs = Olympiad Only Greek’s allowed to compete Split into independent states – truce of peace during Olympics 50,000 spectators Athletes – arrived 10 months before to prepare! Women not allowed to compete or watch No clothing allowed! Prizes – crown of olive branches

15. ANCIENT PASTIMES… Egypt – sports found on tombs from 2000 B.C, wrestling, archery and stick fighting, running, chariot racing, swimming and ball games

16. China – similar as Egypt, also horse racing, boxing and golf

17. Crete – Minotoan bull leaping, hunting and fishing Greece – ancient Olympic events

18. Romans – fighting and Gladiators (up to 175 days a yr dedicated to it), alongside Baths to cleanse and relax (there were over 850 in Rome in the 4 th century, all free of charge) North America - Lacrosse

19. Characteristics of ancient sports… Ceremonial- Celebratory - Sacrificial - Rituals (God worshippers) - Satisfaction of health/beliefs Survival- Military - Contests - Food - Essential

20. 1 - Heroic Age Homer: Legendary ancient Greek poet Lived around 8 th century BC Physical prowess Warlike preparation Ritual sacrifice to the Gods

21. 2 – Man of Action Strong city states Physical prowess due to inner-city warfare Height of the Ancient Olympic Games Militaristic Spartan society dominated

22. 3 - Man of Wisdom Pan-Hellenic Games: Apollo – beautiful god of the sun, light, medicine and music Poseidon – god of the sea, horses and earthquakes Zeus – supreme lord of gods, god of the sky, symbolized as a thunderbolt Classical Greece Intellect dominant Professional athletes

23. The Events Alongside Chariot and Horse racing, these 7 male dominated events were contested: Diaulos – foot race of 400m, depending on the size of the stadium Dolichos – foot race between 1500m and 5000m Wrestling – opponent had to get to their knee’s three times

25. The Events Pankration – fighting by any means, apart from eye gouging or biting! Boxing – leather gloves, no weight classes, no time limits, no ring! Pentathlon – 180 foot race, long jump with weights, discus, javelin and wrestling Hoplite – foot race in armour

27. Ancient Greek Games: Olympic & other games RitualFestivalMilitaryCitizen athlete Professional athlete WisdomActionHeroicContestsAthleticsEquestrianism

28. Outcomes Greek civilisation was philosophical – mind, body, spirit Festivals were ritualistic contests, bringing together poets and athletes Ancient Rome evolved similar activities, but the Romans had a far more militaristic aim, changing into an obsession with personal health