1. Carbon Chemistry

2. 9.5 Content Standard
D 13. Explain how the structure of the carbon atom affects the type of bonds it forms in organic and inorganic molecules.

3. What’s so special about Carbon?
Fourth most abundant element in the universe.
Essential to life on earth.
Many different forms… carbon dioxide (CO2), limestone (CaCO3), wood, plastic, diamonds, and graphite.

4. Carbon – The Element of Life
Unique atomic structure… form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms.
Elements with either less or more than 4 valence electrons can only form a maximum of 3 covalent bonds, this is why 4 is a magic number and why carbon is special.
Lightest element (and therefore the smallest) with four valence electrons

5. Carbon Structures
Chains
Rings
Branches

6. Carbon Bonds
Single
Double
Triple

7. Carbon Recall How many valence electrons does carbon have?
What 3 types of structures does carbon form?
Rings, Chains, and Branches

8. Inorganic Compounds
Inorganic compounds are those compounds that were never part of a living organism
Examples: Carbon dioxide and Carbon monoxide
The line between inorganic and organic carbon compounds is becoming less and less important to scientists as many non-living compounds are derived from once living organisms.

9. Organic Compounds
Organic compounds are those compounds found in any organism that is living or was once living.
Chemically… Organic compound – any compound that contains the elements carbon and hydrogen.
They include carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose
And hydrocarbons such as methane and hexane

10. Carbon Recall
What is the difference between organic & inorganic compounds?
Give an example of an organic compound.
Give an example of an inorganic compound.

11. Carbohydrates (Organic)
Monosaccharides- One unit (Simple Sugar)
Disaccharides- Two units (Simple Sugar)
Glucose- stored in our body
Fructose- sugar in fruit
Sucrose- one glucose +
one fructose = table sugar

12. Carbohydrates (Organic)
Polysaccharides- Many units (Complex Carbs)
Starch- a long chain of glucose- found in plants
Similarly, Glycogen is glucose stored in animals and humans. Cellulose is glucose chains linked together and forms strong plant fibers.

13. Hydrocarbons (Organic)
Pure hydrocarbons- only Carbon + Hydrogen
Isomers of Octane- often added to gasoline to stop the “knock” in the engine

14. Isomers
Isomers- “Iso” means equal “mers” parts Definition: Molecules with the same chemical formula but different chemical structures.

15. Isomers

16. Saturated vs Unsaturated
Saturated hydrocarbons have the maximum amount of hydrogens possible.
Hydrocarbons with all single bonds are considered to be saturated.
Alkanes
Unsaturated hydrocarbons do not have the maximum amount of hydrogens possible.
Any hydrocarbon with double or triple bonds are unsaturated.
Alkenes and Alkynes

17. Saturated vs Unsaturated

18. Prefix
# Carbons
Name
Formula
Structure
Meth 1
Methane
CH4
Eth 2
Ethane
C2H6
Prop 3
Propane
C3H8
But 4
Butane
C4H10
Pent 5
Pentane
C5H12
Hex 6
Hexane
C6H14
Hept 7
Heptane
C7H16
Oct 8
Octane
C8H18
Non 9
Nonane
C9H20

19. Properties of Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds, made up of only two elements
-- they have low melting and boiling points
-- hydrocarbons are flammable and tend to burn in combustion reactions
-- hydrocarbons mix poorly with water (they are nonpolar)
-- hydrocarbons are used for many of our fuels such as heating oil, diesel fuel, gasoline, coal and
methane.

20. Carbon Recall Name two examples of organic molecules.
Carbohydrates & Hydrocarbons
Name one characteristic of hydrocarbons.
Do not dissolve in water

21. The Carbon Cycle
Elements such as Carbon exist in fixed (limited) amounts on the earth and are located in various chemical pools called reservoirs. The movement of carbon, in its many forms, between the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, and solid earth is described by the carbon cycle.
This cycle is driven by both the Earth’s internal (geothermal) energy, and the external energy from the sun and can be divided into geological, chemical and biological components.

22. The global carbon cycle
Sources and sinks of carbon will add or remove carbon from the active part of the cycle.
Carbon sinks include long-lived trees, limestone (formed from shells of small sea creatures that settle to the ocean bottoms, plastic, and the burial of organic matter (form fossil fuels).
Carbon sources include the burning of fossil fuels and other organic matter, the weathering of limestone rocks (CO2 released), volcanic activity, forest destruction, and the respiration of living organisms.
Reservoirs (in black) are gigatons (1Gt = 1x109 Tons) of carbon, and fluxes (in purple) are Gt carbon per year.

23. Carbon Recall
Where is carbon located within the carbon cycle? Name one source of carbon.
Carbon Reservoirs, Burning of fossil fuels