1. New Imperialism

2. Old vs. New Old Imperialism 15th and 16th centuries
Exploration of uncharted lands in search of gold & other treasures
New land to expand kingdoms
Marked by slavery, war, disease, etc.

3. Old vs. New New Imperialism Late 19th century
Search for natural resources not available at home
Competition for new lands
Death, disease of indigenous populations
European migration (except France, which gained)
Industrialization led to the search for resources and for new markets (capitalism is growing during this time)

4. Interpretations and Justifications of Imperialism
Economic
Natural resources, new markets, opportunity
Cultural/Religious/Social
Cultural and religious superiority
Political
The land grab/”spheres of influence”
Competition within Europe
Competition with the United States

5. Areas of Activity Africa (1870 – 1910)
England: Egypt; Anglo-Egyptian Sudan; South Africa; Nigeria; Kenya   
France: West Africa; Morocco; Tunisia; Algeria           
Belgium: the Congo 
Germany: Cameroons; Southwest Africa; German East Africa 
Portugal, Spain, Italy

6. Areas of Activity Middle East: Ottomans lose most of North Africa
Iran: England, Russia divide into spheres of influence in 1907
Afghanistan: placed under British sphere of influence, late 19th century                        
India: 1857: Sepoy Revolt a British victory India becomes a royal colony                    
Southeast Asia: Vietnam, Cambodia taken by France; Burma, Singapore by Britain                    
China: Britain

7. Imperialism in the Far East
China resisted westernization – strict laws governing travel and trade. Europeans were restricted to the City of Canton
British wanted to increase trade with China
British grew opium in India, smuggled it into China
This was lucrative for both the British gov’t and for the smugglers, both wanted greater access to other provinces
1839, the Chinese try to stop the opium trade
Brits refuse to sign an agreement to cease, continue smuggling.
Opium Wars (1839 – 1842) begin
Great Britain opens up trade in China by force

8. Results of the Opium Wars
Chinese ports open to British trade
British goods have favored states in China
British gain control of Hong Kong

9. Imperialism in Africa
Prior to 1880, European countries controlled less than 10% of African territories
By 1914, European countries controlled more than 90% of Africa
Portuguese first established trade in African in the 15th century
Slave trade grew between 16th and 19th century

10. Imperialism in Africa Great African Hunt (1870’s – Early 1900’s)
Competition for territory among European nations
Trading opportunities and missionaries
Belgian Congo
Personal property belonging to King Leopold II
Abuses of laborers led to call for reform
Territory turned over to the Belgian government in 1908

11. Imperialism in Africa French Possessions German Possessions
Algeria – captured by Charles X
Wanted to re-establish power of the Bourbons
Gained Morocco through diplomacy
Accepted the British claim to Egypt
German Possessions
Began to colonize after unification in 1871
Wanted claims to territory in East Africa in order to separate British colonies
Acquired colonies to improve diplomatic positioning

12. Imperialism in Africa British Possessions
French gained rights to build Suez canal in 1869
British needed canal for transportation to India
Purchased a major interest in the canal in 1875
Establishes control of Egypt in 1880’s, advances to Sudan