1. 9.1 Carbon Compounds Forms of Carbon – Organic compound – Diamonds, graphite, fullerenes (hollow sphere) Saturated Hydrocarbons – Straight chain – Branched chain: isomers same molecular formulas but diff structural formulas – Rings

2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: 1 or more double/triple bonds – Alkenes: end with -ene – Alkynes: end with -yne – Aromatic Hydrocarbon: ring structure Fossil Fuels – Coal, natural gas, petroleum Combustion of fossil fuels – Complete – Incomplete – Acid rain

3. 9.2 Substituted Hydrocarbons Alcohols – Ends with –ol – Hydroxyl group -OH Organic Acids and Bases – Organic acids have carboxyl group –COOH and end with –oic – Amine is organic base, it’s an amino group –NH 2

4. Esters – When organic acids and alcohols reacts – Reaction is reversible – Forms water as second product

5. 9.3 Polymers Polymer: large molecule made of covalently bonded smaller molecules Monomer: smaller molecules that bond Synthetic Polymer – Rubber: sap from rubber trees used; then petroleum and hydrocarbons; ex: tires, adhesives – Nylon: made to replace silk; ex: parachutes, clothes, fishing line – Polyethylene: polyethylene chains, more C the stronger the bond; ex: plastic bottles

6. Natural polymers: in plant/ animal cells – Starches: simple to complex sugars, carbohydrates – Cellulose: gives strength to plant stems and tree trunks – Nucleic Acid: DNA or RNA (genetic info plants/ animals) – Proteins: an organic acid (-COOH) and an organic base (-NH 2 ); 20 amino acids body needs, each protein is combo of 100 aa; ex: muscles, hair, hemoglobin of blood

7. 9.4 Reactions in Cells Photosynthesis: sunlight E converted to chemical E; in chloroplast of autotroph Cellular Respiration: chemical E stored is released; in mitochondria of plant or animal

8. Enzymes – proteins that act like catalysts (catalysts speed up chemical rxns) Vitamins – organic compounds need in small amounts that you cannot produce on own – some dissolve in water others in fats