1. Stage 2

2. SOCIAL CLASSES
Senator (pl. Senatores) / Patricius (pl. Patricii), Senatorial class or Patricians – upper class
Eques, (pl. Equites) – Equestrian, wealthy businessman -upper middle class
Plebs-plebeians, or ordinary citizens
Libertus (pl. liberti)- freedman, those who once were slaves but had been freed
Servus (pl. servi)-slave

3. Tunica Long shirt, worn alone, or under another garment.
Worn by everyone. Women wore long tunics, Men wore knee legneth tunics

4. Women’s clothing Tunica- worn under the stola, or alone.
Stola-outer dress worn by married women. It was made of two pieces of rectangular cloth, attached at the shoulders by brooches.
Palla-piece of cloth draped over the shoulders. It was made of two pieces of rectangular cloth, attached at the shoulders by
Fibula-brooch, often worn to attach the pieces of the stola together
Soleae (plural)-sandals
Lots of jewelry

7. A quote from the historian Livy
Women cannot partake of magistracies, priesthoods, triumphs, badges of office, gifts, or spoils of war; elegance, finery, and beautiful clothes are women's badges, in these they find joy and take pride, this our forebears called the women's world. (Livy, History of Rome 34.5)

8. Men’s clothing Tunica Toga-worn on special occasions Soleae-sandals
Anulus-signet ring

9. Plain tunic
Equestian tunic
Senatorial tunic

10. TOGA
The toga was the national garment of Rome; in the Aeneid, Virgil has the god Jupiter characterize the Romans as “masters of the earth, the race that wears the toga” (1.282). Only male citizens were allowed to wear the toga.

11. Men’s clothing
toga virilis also called toga pura: unadorned toga in the off-white color of the undyed wool that was worn by adult male citizens
toga praetexta: off-white toga with a broad purple border shown in the right-hand drawing. The only adults allowed to wear this toga were curule magistrates (curule aedile and above).
toga candida: artificially whitened toga worn by candidates for political office
Toga Pulla- dark toga worn for mourning.
Toga Picta-solid purple or decorated toga.

12. Children’s clothing Most children just wore a tunica
Some wealthy children wore a toga praetexta, even though they (obviously) were not senators.
Most children, especially boys, but often girls as well, wore a charm called a bulla to ward off evil spirits.

13. Client – patron relationship
Patronus (patron) - a wealthier man who took less wealthy men—his clientes (clients) under his protection. If they were in any kind of trouble, he helped them.
Clientes (clients) – the less wealthy men who gave support and loyalty to a patron. They usually voted the way he told them to vote. If the patron was going to the forum, they would accompany him. They were his groupies.

14. Salutatio
A morning tradition in the Roman world. In the morning, before the business of the day, the clientes would gather at the home of their patronus and he would receive their respectful greeting.

15. Salutatio
The patronus told them what favors he wanted them to do that day. The clientes told him about any problem they were having. The patronus often gave them small gifts of money.

16. Roman meals
ientaculum: breakfast. It was very light, often just a cup of water and a piece of bread (the original continental breakfast).
Prandium: lunch. Also a light meal (at least in the city). It was usually some meat or fish, followed by fruit. Watered down wine was drunk.
Cena: dinner. This was the main meal of the day. It could be a simpler family meal of an appetizer, such as an egg, meal or fish, vegetables and fruit, such as an apple.

17. Cena in the triclinium
There was often an inner dining room used in winter, and something like a patio dining room at the back of the house, looking out onto the garden, for use in the summer.
Three couches were arranged around a mensa (circular table) which was often quite small but carved and decorated.
Each couch had places for 3 people.
Diners leaned on their left elbow and ate with their right hand. Food was cut up by slaves, and diners ate it with their fingers or a spoon.
Women were present as well as men at the cena, and played an active role in conversation. However, children ate separately.
Poorer people, children and slaves often ate sitting up.

22. Ab ovo usque ad mala From the egg all the way to the apple
(from beginning to end)

23. People who lived in insulae (apartments) often ate “fast food” from shops. A fast food shop was called a “thermopolium”.

24. Typical Roman foods: Panis-bread Olea / oliva-olive
Oleum/ olivum -olive oil
Figa-fig
Malum-apple
Uva-grape
Ova -egg
Piscis-fish
Pullus-chicken
Porcus-pig, pork
Garum-fish sauce
Vinum-wine