1. The Telencephalon
山东大学医学院解剖教研室
李振华

2. External feature
The telencephalon consists of right and left cerebral hemisphere, partially separated by cerebral longitudinal fissure.
The cerebral transverse fissure intervenes between the hemispheres and the cerebellum
Each hemisphere has three surfaces: superolateral, medial and inferior

3. Three principal sulci Central sulcus 中央沟 Lateral sulcus 外侧沟
Parietooccipital sulcus 顶枕沟
Central sulcus
Parietooccipital sulcus
Lateral sulcus

4. Five lobes Frontal lobe 额叶 Parietal lobe 顶叶 Temporal lobe 颞叶
Occipital lobe 枕叶
Insular lobe 岛叶
Parietal lobe
Insular lobe
Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

5. Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Frontal lobe:
Precentral sulcus 中央前沟
Superior frontal sulcus 额上沟
Inferior frontal sulcus 额下沟
Precentral gyrus 中央前回
Superior frontal gyrus 额上回
Middle frontal gyrus 额中回
Inferior frontal gyrus 额下回

6. Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Superior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Superior,
middle
and inferioe
frontal
gyri

7. Parietal lobe: Postcentral sulcus 中央后沟 Postcentral gyrus中央后回
Intraparietal sulcus 顶内沟
Superior parietal lobule 顶上小叶
Inferior parietal lobule 顶下小叶
Supramarginal gyrus 缘上回
Angular gyrus 角回

8. Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Postcentral gyrus
Postcentral sulcus
Superior parietal lobule
Intraparietal sulcus
Supramarginal
gyrus
Angular gyrus

9. Temporal lobe:
Superior temporal sulcus 颞上沟
Inferior temporal sulcus 颞下沟
Superior temporal gyrus 颞上回
Middle temporal gyrus 颞中回
Inferior temporal gyrus 颞下回
Transverse temporal gyri 颞横回

10. Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Superior temporal sulcus
Superior temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal sulcus
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus

11. Transverse temporal gyri

12. Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Postcentral gyrus
Postcentral sulcus
Superior frontal sulcus
Superior parietal lobule
Inferior frontal sulcus
Superior,
middle
and inferioe
frontal
gyri
Supramarginal
gyrus
Angular gyrus
Superior temporal sulcus
Superior temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal sulcus
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus

13. Sulci and gyri of medial surface
Corpus callosum 胼胝体
Callosal sulcus 胼胝体沟
Cingulate gyrus 扣带沟
Cingulate sulcus 扣带回
Marginal ramus 缘支
Paracentral lobule 中央旁小叶
Calcarine sulcus 距状沟
Cuneus 楔叶
Lingual gyrus 舌回

14. Sulci and gyri of medial surface
Paracentral lobule
Corpus callosum
Callosal sulcus
Marginal ramus
cingulate gyrus
Parietooccipital sulcus
Cingulate sulcus
Cuneus
Calcarine sulcus
Lingual gyrus

15. Sulci and gyri of inferior surface
Olfactory bulb 嗅球
Olfactory tract 嗅束
Olfactory trigone 嗅三角
Anterior perforated substance 前穿质
Collateral sulcus 侧副沟
Occipitotemporal sulcus 枕颞沟
Medial occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞内侧回
Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞外侧回
Hippocampal sulcus 海马沟
Parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回
Uncus 钩
Hippocampus 海马
Dentate gyrus 齿状回
Hippocampal formation 海马结构

16. Inferior surface Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Uncus
Olfactory trigone
Occipitotemporal sulcus
Anterior perforated
substance
Parahippocampal
gyrus
Medial and lateral
occipitotemporal
gyri
Collateral sulcus

17. Hippocampus
Hippocampal
formation
Dentate gyrus

18. Histology of the cerebral cortex
Archicortex 原皮质 (hippocampal formation 海马结构)
Paleocortex 古皮质 (rhinencephalon 嗅脑)
Neocortex 新皮质 (most of cerebral cortex)
3 cell layers
6 cell layers

20. Functional location of cerebral cortex

21. First somatic motor area 第一躯体运动区
Position: located in precentral gyrus and anterior portion of paracentral lobule

22. First somatic motor area第一躯体运动区
Characters
Representation is inverted, but head and face are upright
A body part is represented by a cortical area proportional to its use rather than its size
Receiving fibers from postcentral gyrus, VA, VL and VPL, sending out fibers to form pyramidal tract, controlling voluntary movements

23. First somatic sensory area第一躯体感觉区
Position－lies in postcentral gyrus and posterior portion of paracentral lobule

24. First somatic sensory area第一躯体感觉区
Characters
Sensory representation, like motor area, is crossed and inverted
Receiving and interpret sensation from opposite side of body

25. Auditory area 听区 Located in transverse temporal gyri
Receive auditory information from both ears

26. Visual area 视区
Lie on either side of calcarine sulcus in medial surface of occipital lobe
Visual cortex of one hemisphere receives impression from temporal part of retina of same side and nasal part of opposite side
Lesions of visual cortex produce contralateral homonymous visual field defections

27. Vestibular area平衡觉区: located in front of superior temporal gyrus
Olfactory area 嗅觉区: located near the uncus
Taste area 味觉区: located at frontal operculum

28. Language area 语言中枢
It is dominant in left hemisphere in right-handed person
Motor speech area 运动性语言中枢
Located in posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrus
Damage: motor aphasia
Writing area 书写中枢
Located in posterior portion of middle frontal gyrus
Damage: agraphia
Auditory speech area 听觉性语言中枢
Located in posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus
Lesion: sensory aphasia
Visual speech area 视觉性语言中枢
Located in angular gyrus
Lesion: alexia

29. Internal structures Lateral ventricle 侧脑室 Position:
located in cerebral hemispheres
Four parts
Central part: lies in parietal lobe
Anterior horn: extends into frontal lobe
Posterior horn extend into occipital lobe
Inferior horn: extend into temporal lobe

30. Communication
lateral ventricle → interventricular foramen → third ventricle

31. Basal nuclei 基底核 Corpus striatum 纹状体 Claustrum 屏状核 Amygdaloid body 杏仁体
Lentiform nucleus 豆状核
Caudate nucleus 尾状核
Claustrum 屏状核
Amygdaloid body 杏仁体
Globus pallidus 苍白球
－paleostriatum 旧纹状体
putamen 壳
Neostriatum 新纹状体

33. White matter Association fibers 联络纤维
Run between gyri within the same hemisphere
Cerebral arcuate fibers 大脑弓状纤维
Superior longitudinal fasciculi 上纵束
Inferior longitudinal fasciculi 下纵束
Uncinate fasciculus 钩束
Cingulum 扣带

34. Commissural fibers 连合纤维 － run between left and right hemisphere
Corpus callosum胼胝体: rostrum, genu, trunk, splenium
Anterior commissure 前连合
Fornix and commissure of fornix 穹隆和穹隆连合

35. Projection fibers投射纤维: connect cortex with lower part of brain and spinal cord and they include both ascending and descending fibers
Internal capsule
Position: a thick lamina of white matter lying between caudate nucleus, thalamus and lentiform nucleus

37. Three parts Anterior limb of internal capsule 内囊前肢
Lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
Containing frontopontine tract and anterior thalamic radiation
Genu of internal capsule 内囊膝
Is angle at which anterior and posterior limbs meet
Containing corticonuclear tract
Posterior limb of internal capsule 内囊后肢
Lies between thalamus and lentiform nucleus
Contain corticospinal tract, corticorubral tract, central thalamic radiation, parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tract, acoustic radiation and optic radiation

38. Anterior thalamic radiation
Head of caudate nucleus
Frontopontine tract
Corticonuclear tract
Lentiform nucleus
Corticorubral tract
Corticospinal tract
Parieto-occipito-
temporo-pontine tract
Dorsal thalamus
Central thalamic
radiation
Acoustic radiation
Medial geniculate body
Optic radiation
Lateral geniculate body

39. Limbic system边缘系统 Composition
Limbic lobe: includes septal area, cingulated gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, temporal pole, anterior part of insular lobe and so on
Associated subcortical nuclei: amygdaloid body, septal nuclei, hypothalamus, epithalamus, anterior nucleus group of thalamus, tegmentum of midbrain
Function: concerned with visceral activities, olfaction, emotion and memory, so this system is called ‘visceral brain’