1. Honors Latin II

2. Test Next Wednesday Vocabulary, Chapters 1-4
Present Infinitive, Indicative, Imperative Active of the First and Second Conjugation
Uses of the Cases
First Declension
Second Declension
Present Tense of Sum

3. First and Second Conjugation
Present Active Verbs
First and Second Conjugation

4. Implicit and Explicit Subjects
For Latin verbs, there is always a built-in (implicit) subject, e.g., sum, “I am”; amant, “they love”
There is often an explicit subject as well. An explicit subject will be a noun separate from the verb, e.g., feminae amant, “the women love”

5. Principal Parts of the Verb
Examples of principal parts of verbs in English: think-thought-thought; sing-sang-sung
The first principal part of the verb in Latin is also the first-person singular present active form of the verb, e.g., amō, “I love,” habitō, “I live,” cōgītō, “I think”

6. The Verb Stem
For (finite) verbs there are two parts: the stem and the personal ending.
The stem is derived from the second principal part of the verb (= infinitive)

7. Determining the Verb Stem
To determine the stem of a verb, drop the final –re from the second principal part:
amō, amāre  amāre  amāre 
stem = amā
moneō, monēre  monēre  monēre 
stem = monē

8. Conjugations
As nouns are grouped into declensions, verbs are grouped into conjugations.
The first and second conjugation are very similar, and their stems are derived by the same process described above.

9. Second Principal Part
The 2d principal part of a 1st-conjugation verb ends in –āre
The 2d principal part of a 2d-conjugation verb ends in –ēre
Note: the macron over the penultimate e in the infinitive of a second-conjugation verb is important to include. Without the macron, the verb appears to be third conjugation.

10. Personal Endings
The personal endings are the same for both conjugations:
-ō first person singular, “I”
-s 2d person singular, “you”
-t 3d person sg., “she,” “he,” “it”
-mus 1st pl., “we”
-tis 2d pl., “you”
-nt 3d pl., “they”

11. Forming present-tense verbs
the first principal part is also the first person singular; just copy it
get the stem: from the second principal part, drop the final –re
to the stem, add the personal endings: -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt

12. 1st person singular: amō, “I love” Stem: amā
Example I
amō, amāre
1st person singular: amō, “I love”
Stem: amā

13. Example – Part II 2d sg. = amā + s = amās, “you love”
Stem: amā
2d sg. = amā + s = amās, “you love”
3d sg. = amā + t = amat, “she loves”
1st pl. = amā + mus = amāmus, “we love”
2d pl. = amā + tis = amātis, “you love”
3d pl. = amā + nt = amant, “they love”

14. 1st person singular: moneō, “I warn” Stem: monē
Example II
moneō, monēre
1st person singular: moneō, “I warn”
Stem: monē

15. Example II – Part II Stem: monē 2d sg. = monē + s = monēs, “you warn”
3d sg. = monē + t = monet , “he warns”
1st pl. = monē + mus = monēmus , “we warn”
2d pl. = monē + tis = monētis , “you warn”
3d pl. = monē + nt = monent, “they warn”

16. Translating the Present Tense
moneō
“I warn”
“I am warning” (present progressive)
“I do warn” (present emphatic)

17. Present Active Imperative
The imperative mood is used for commands or requests.
The singular imperative is identical in form to the stem of the verb.
The plural imperative is the stem + te.
amo, amāre, amāvi, amatum
Singular imperative: amā
Plural imperative: amāte

18. Present Tense of the Verb “To Be”
The verb “to be” is irregular in all languages. (Cf. I am, you are, she is, we were, they have been.)
It must simply be memorized.
The first two principal parts are sum, esse

19. Present Forms of Sum, Esse
Sum, “I am”
Es, “you [sg.] are”
Est, “s/he is”
Sumus, “we are”
Estis, “y’all are”
Sunt, “they are”

20. Similarity to Regular Verbs
Sum, “I am”
Es, “you [sg.] are”
Est, “s/he is”
Sumus, “we are”
Estis, “y’all are”
Sunt, “they are”

21. Studying Noun Forms
How to Do It

22. 1st and 2nd-Declension Nouns
Memorize the nominative and genitive singular forms of nouns.
On a test, you’ll usually be given the nominative and genitive singular forms of nouns to decline.
To decline a noun is to put the noun into its singular and plural forms in the five cases: nom., gen., dat., acc., and abl.

23. Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns
Write down the memorized or given nominative singular form.
From the genitive singular, drop the ending, e.g, -ae, -ī, to get the base
ara, arae  arae  ar
puer, puerī  puerī  puer
ager, agrī  agrī  agr

24. Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns
To the base, add the standard case endings, singular and plural:
First declension
N. –a (memorized) –ae
G. –ae (memorized) –ārum
D. –ae –īs
Acc. –am –as
Abl. –ā –īs

25. You must memorize the first-declension case endings

26. Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns
To the base, add the standard case endings, singular and plural:
Second declension, masculine
N. – (memorized) –ī
G. –ī (memorized) –ōrum
D. –ō –īs
Acc. –um –ōs
Abl. –ō –īs

27. You must memorize the second-declension masculine case endings

28. Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns
To the base, add the standard case endings, singular and plural:
Second declension, neuter
N. –um (memorized) –a
G. –ī (memorized) –ōrum
D. –ō –īs
Acc. –um –a
Abl. –ō –īs

29. You must memorize the second-declension neuter case endings

30. Declining 1st & 2nd-Declension Nouns
Note: the dative and ablative plural endings are -īs in the first and second declension.
In the second declension, the dative and ablative singular are identical, –ō
In the neuter of any declension, the nominative and accusative forms are identical.