1. A Bloody Nose A nosebleed occurs when blood vessels inside the nose break. Because they’re delicate, this can happen easily. What to do immediately: Lean slightly forward and pinch your nose just below the bridge, where the cartilage and the bone come together. Maintain the pressure for 5 to 15 minutes. Pressing an ice pack against the bridge can also help. What not to do: Don’t Tilt your head back. A Sprain Sprains occur when the ligaments surrounding a joint are pulled beyond their normal range. Sprains are often accompanied by bruising and swelling. What to do immediately: Alternately apply and remove ice every 15 minutes throughout the first day. Wrapping the joint with an elastic compression bandage and elevating the limb may also help. Stay off the injury for at least 24 hours. After that, apply heat to promote blood flow to the area. What not to do: DON’T Work through the pain. A Burn First-degree burns produce redness; Second-degree burns cause blisters; Third-degree burns result in broken or blackened skin. What to do immediately: Place the burn under cool running water, submerge it in a bath, or apply wet towels. Loosely bandage a first- or second-degree burn for protection. What not to do: DON’T Put an ice pack on major burns. Don’t pop blisters. Don’t apply an antibiotic or butter to burns; doing so can breed infection. Choking What to do immediately: Call 911. For a victim age one or older: Have the person lean forward and, using the palm of your hand, strike his back between the shoulder blades five times. If that doesn’t work, stand behind the victim, place one fist above the belly button, cup the fist with your other hand, and push in and up toward the ribs five times, as in the Heimlich. If you’re alone: Press your abdomen against something firm, like a kitchen counter, or use your hands. Also works for a larger person. What not to do: DON’T Give water or anything else to someone who is coughing.

2. Shock Symptoms of shock restlessness/irritability altered consciousness (dizziness, feeling faint, nausea) pale, clammy, moist skin rapid breathing, rapid pulse Treating shock Call 911. Shock is a serious condition requiring immediate medical treatment. It can kill. Have the victim lie down Control external bleedingbleeding Keep victim comfortable to reduce the stress on body systems Help maintain body temperature; if victim seems cold, cover him/her with a blanket Give victim no food or drink, even though s/he is likely to be thirsty Cuts 1. Rinse with water 2. To control bleeding, apply direct pressure to the wound 3. While keeping pressure on the wound, elevate the injured area – This will reduce blood flow to the wound. 4. Place the victim at rest. - This will help to reduce heart rate and subsequently blood flow and shock. 5. Quickly cover the wound with dressings, preferably sterile, and continue direct pressure over the dressings. Sprain, Break, or Fracture Observe for shock (see shock). DO NOT give victim anything to eat or drink. Place splint under area of suspected break (area)shock -Immobilize Wrap in sling (triangle to elbow) Wrap sling to body (by chest)

3. Hypothermia Hypothermia occurs when the body's core temperature drops dangerously low. It can result from prolonged exposure to cold, especially when it's wet or windy. Symptoms: Cool skin, shivering, numbness, change in level of con­sciousness, slurred speech Emergency Treatment + Move victim to warmer area or out of wind. + Get dry clothes. + Wrap victim in dry blankets or clothing. + If victim is conscious and able to drink, give warm, nonalcoholic, noncaffeinated liquid. + If victim does not improve within a few minutes + Monitor ABC’s (call 911) Heat Exhaustion From exposure to hot, humid environments. Symptoms : moist, pale, clammy skin; heavy sweating; normal or below-normal body temperature; weakness; dizziness; headache; nausea; vomiting; muscle cramps; fainting. Emergency Treatment + Move victim into shade or to cooler area. + Loosen clothing, and have victim rest with feet up. + Use fan or air conditioning to cool victim. + Apply wet towels or ice packs wrapped in cloth to skin. + Give victim sips of cold water or a sports drink -- 1/2 glass every 15 minutes for 1 hour. Stop offering drink if victim vomits, and call for EMS. Frostbite Frostbite is freezing of skin. Caused by exposure to cold, wet conditions and most often affects the face, ears, hands, and feet. Symptoms: White or yellowish-gray areas of skin, burning or itching sensations, reddened and swollen skin, skin hard to the touch, pain, numbness. DO NOT rub or massage affected area. DO NOT rewarm with hot water Warm affected areas by placing them against victim's body or your body, using gloves, clothing, or blankets to keep frostbitten area from directly touching any exposed skin. Get victim indoors, remove wet clothes, and take off any clothes or jewelry on affected area.