2. Macromolecules The Four Molecules of Life

3. I. Role of carbon A. Carbon is part of all major macromolecules B. Organic means that it contains carbon C. Carbon makes four covalent bonds and can form rings and chains

4. I. Role of Carbon continued isomers D. sometimes two molecules can have the same molecular formulas but have different structures called isomers

5. polymer E. When large molecules are made from smaller molecules it is called a polymer

6. II. Carbohydrates A. Made of C,H,O B. H to O is 2 to 1 like water C. Rings of carbon D. Examples 1. Glucose 2. Starch (many glucose bonded together) 3. Cellulose (many glucoses) cell wall of plants 4. Lactose, fructose, galactose, sucrose

7. II. Carbohydrates cont. E. Monomers 1. simple sugars (one ring) 2. monosaccharides (glucose most common) 3. C6H12O6

8. II. Carbohydrates cont. F. Polymer carbohydrates 1. chains of sugars (many rings) 2. two ring of sugar = disaccharide (sucrose)- table sugar 3. more than two chains is a polysaccharide like starch or amylose or cellulose. 4. -ose on the end usually means sugar.

9. II. Carbohydrates cont. G. Functions 1. Fast energy for cells 2. Makes some structures 1. Cell wall of plants 2. Identification markings on cell membranes

10. III. Protein A. Protein is a polymer of amino acids 1. Contains H,O,N,C B. Long chain of amino acids = protein 1. Amino acid a. Draw b. Each is different at the R group c. Bonded by peptide bond

11. III.Proteins cont. C. Functions of proteins 1. Makes many structures for living things a. Bone, muscles, skin, organs, tendons 2. Enzymes- control all cell functions

12. Amino acid structure

13. Dehydration synthesis/ condensation reaction

14. IV. Lipids (fats) A. Structure 1. Large amount of carbon and hydrogen and a small amount of oxygen. C,H, O 2.Glycerol + 3 fatty acids  triglyceride + 3 waters 3. Fatty acids = long chains of carbon with a COOH at one end. a. Saturated no double bonds in the middle of the chain between carbons b. Unsaturated – one or more double bonds (less H)

17. B. Major Uses of lipids 1. Long term energy storage 2. Insulation of heat 3. Insulation of electricity 4. part of all cell membranes 5. part of many hormones

18. C. Examples 1. triglycerides in foods 2. sterols in hormones 3. phospholipids in cell membrane

19. V. Nucleic acids A. Structure 1. nucleotides a. C, H, O, N, P b. Phosphate c. Sugar d. Nitrogenous bases

20. B. Examples 1. DNA and RNA C. Function 1. Store and use genetic information