1. The Ferment Of Reform and Culture 1790 - 1860

2. 1a. Religion  We spent time talking about the industrial and economic factors that changed the country between 1790 and 1860  What about socially and culturally?  Religion  American religion reached a height under the Puritans and Pilgrims, but then wore off as Deism was brought in during the later 1700s under men like Franklin and Jefferson  Liberalism was on the rise  Deists believed in a higher being, but relied on reason, not religion, science and not miracles.  The reaction? In 1800 a wave of religious revivals took place again, starting in the South and moving up North – a 2 nd Great Awakening.

3. 1b. Religion  The Second Great Awakening excited the Methodists and the Baptists particularly.  Charles Grandison Finney was the greatest of the revival preachers during this time  It was very popular along the Erie Canal – in fact, the place where the revivals took place in the Burned Over District  “hellfire and damnation” sermons  Led to new denominations  Mormon religion  Started in New York by Joseph Smith but then moved to Utah under Brigham Young

4. Charles Grandison Finney

5. 2a., b Education and Reform  Reform movements sprung up in the early to mid-1800s.  Publicly funded education  Tax supported  Horace Mann, Emma Willard, Mary Lyon  These ladies led efforts to increase educational opportunities in the United States.  Dorothea Dix – reformer who fought for better treatment of the mentally ill  B. American Peace Society, formed in 1828 – a reform movement against war

6. 3a., b., c. Women’s Rights and Utopian Movements  Women struggled in the 19 th century to have equal rights  19 th Century U.S. was a man’s world  1) They could not vote  2) They could be legally beaten by their husbands  3) If they owned property when they married, it went to their husband.  B) Women were considered “keepers of society’s conscience”, or society’s morality  C) Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony were three important feminist movement leaders  Two of these women were quakers  Seneca Falls, New York; site of the Seneca Falls Convention – where the women’s movement officially started  1848  Feminist leaders signed the Declaration of Sentiments, modeled on the Declaration of Independence  Men and women are equal…

7. 2a., b Education and Reform  Utopian societies began springing up in the early 1800s  Communities that existed for human betterment  Early versions of what we call today “cults”  New Harmony, Indiana - 1825  Brook Farm, Mass - 1841  Oneida Community, New York – 1848

8. 4a. Blossoming of a National Literature  “Who reads an American book” said a British critic in 1820  Painful truth – Most early American intellectual writings are political in nature. But…enter:  Washington Irving  James Fenimore Cooper  William Cullen Bryant  Ralph Waldo Emerson  Henry David Thoreau  Transcendentalism  Definition – Every person possesses an inner light that can help them discover truth and connect with “God”.  Implementation – Self-reliance, self-culture, self- discipline, individualism.

9. The Authors  1) Irving – Used charm and humor; interpreted American ideals to Europe and vice versa.  2) Cooper – Wrote about the frontier, the natural man, the wilderness, and the artificiality of civilization.  3) Bryant – set a standard for American newspaper editors (journalism)

10. Essay for Unit 3 Exam Choose ONE  Suppose you were a Republican adviser to President Jefferson in 1803. What arguments would you present in favor of the Louisiana Purchase? What arguments opposing the Purchase do you think you would have to counter?  Write your definition of a great president. Then use this definition to argue that Andrew Jackson was OR was not a great president. USE HISTORICAL EXAMPLES.  What do you find was the single most worthwhile reform movement of the early 19 th century. Why?