1. Connecting Ideas -Connecting Ideas with “ AND ” Connecting Ideas with “ But & Or ” Connecting Ideas with “ So ” Using auxiliary verbs after “ but & and ” Using “ And + Too, So, Either, Neither ” Connecting Ideas with “ Because ” Connecting Ideas with “ Even Though/Although ”

2. - Connecting Ideas with “ AND ” - When “ and ” connects only two items within a sentence, NO commas are used. When “ and ” connects three or more items in a series in a sentence, commas are used. - A- I saw a cat and a mouse. - B- I saw a cat, mouse, and a rate. - C- I opened the door and walked into the room. - D- I opened the door, walked into the room, and sat down at my disk. - E- Their flag is yellow and red. - F- Their flag is yellow, black, and red. - Note: No commas are used because “ and ” connects only two verbs/items as in (A, C, and E)

3. Connecting Ideals with “ BUT and OR ” -AND, BUT, and, OR are called conjunctions. But and Or are use in the same way as AND. I went to bed but could not sleep. Is a lemon sweet or sour? Did you order coffee, tea, or milk? I dropped the vase, but it didn ’ t break. Do you have class on Monday, or is Monday holiday. Note: Sometimes with “ but ”, a period is used instead of a comma. I dropped the vase. But it didn ’ t break.

4. Connecting Ideas with “ SO ” Connecting Ideas with “ SO ” So can be used as a conjunction. It ’ s preceded by a comma. It connects the ideas in two independent clauses. So can be used as a conjunction. It ’ s preceded by a comma. It connects the ideas in two independent clauses. - The room was dark, so I turned on the light. - I didn ’ t study, so I failed the exam. - It began to rain, so I opened my umbrella.

5. Using Auxiliary verbs after “ BUT ” and “ AND ” Using Auxiliary verbs after “ BUT ” and “ AND ” After “ but ” and “ and ”, often a main verb is not repeated. Instead, only an auxiliary verb is used which is a substitute for the main verb phrase After “ but ” and “ and ”, often a main verb is not repeated. Instead, only an auxiliary verb is used which is a substitute for the main verb phrase The auxiliary after “ but ” and “ and ” has the same tense or model as the main verb. The auxiliary after “ but ” and “ and ” has the same tense or model as the main verb. - I don ’ t like coffee, but my husband does. - I like tea, but my husband doesn ’ t. - He is not here, and Ahmad is not either. - I will be here, but Ali won ’ t. - He will not be here, and Ali won ’ t be either. - Note: Negative + but + affirmative - Affirmative + but + negative - Negative + And + Negative - Affirmative + and + Affirmative

6. Using “ and ” + “ too ”, “ so ”, “ either ”, “ neither ” Using “ and ” + “ too ”, “ so ”, “ either ”, “ neither ” A- Sue likes milk. And + S + aux. + too And + Ali + does + too B- Sue likes milk And + so + aux. + S And + so + does + Mursi

7. C- Merry does not like milk. C- Merry does not like milk. And + S + aux. + Either And + John + does + either. D- Merry does not like milk. And + Neither + aux. + S And + Neither + does + wa ’ el. Note: I don ’ t like hot dogs. Me neither. (informal) I am hungry. Me too. (informal) Me too and me neither are often used in informal spoken English.

8. Connecting Ideas with “ because ” Connecting Ideas with “ because ” Because expresses a cause it gives a reason. Because expresses a cause it gives a reason. He drank water because he was thirsty. He drank water because he was thirsty. A main clause is a complete sentence. A main clause is a complete sentence. - He drank water = a complete sentence. An adverb clause is not a complete sentence. - Because he was thirsty = not a complete sentence. - He drank water because he was thirsty. - Because he was thirsty, he drank water. Note: main clause + no comma + adverb clause. Adverb clause + comma + main clause.

9. Connecting Ideas with “ Even though/although Connecting Ideas with “ Even though/although Even thought/although introduce an adverb clause. Even thought/although expresses an unexpected or opposite result. Even thought I was hungry, I didn ’ t eat. Although I didn ’ t eat. Note: main clause + no comma + adverb clause I didn ’ t eat although I was hungry. Adverb clause + comma + main verb I was hungry, although I didn ’ t eat.

10. After in spite of or despite we use a noun or pronoun (this/that/what, etc..), or – ing.. After in spite of or despite we use a noun or pronoun (this/that/what, etc..), or – ing.. In spite of the rain, we went out. In spite of the rain, we went out. Despite what I said last night, I still love you. Despite what I said last night, I still love you.