1. AP AMERICAN GOV’T DILEMMAS OF DEMOCRACY

2. Government n Government=legitimate use of force within specific geographic boundaries to control human behavior n Oldest objective of government= to protect life and property n Public goods=things provided for free by the government –Examples include sanitation, education, highways, etc….are they really free???

3. DEMOCRACY n Democracy was originally considered undesirable because it meant “mob rule” n Gov’t derives its power from the governed n The word is not used in the Constitution or the Declaration of Independence

4. SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY n Thomas Jefferson (based on John Locke’s principles) –We, as citizens, enter into an agreement with the government, allowing it to create rules that set boundaries for our behavior and protect our life, liberty, and property n If the gov’t goes too far w/ that power, we as citizens, can dissolve that government and it is our responsibility to create a new one

5. TWO TYPES OF DEMOCRACY n Direct - used in Ancient Greece –People en mass decide every issue regarding the gov’t. F Impractical in larger societies n Representative - (Republic form of gov’t) - people elect leaders to represent them in gov’t and make decisions on their behalf

6. REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY n If those we elect do not listen to our wishes, we have the ability, and responsibility to vote them out of office –Unfortunately, we do not participate, for various reasons, so our elected officials generally ignore us

7. FEDERALIST #10 n Madison said that “factions” (groups) would arise, and form, in an effort to take control of the government –This would be good because all ideas would be presented –Best idea benefiting the greatest number of people would ultimately prevail (greatest good for greatest number) n Because people do not always participate, today we view these factions as Interest Groups who influence most policies passed by government officials

8. DEMOCRACY AS AN IDEAL n Personal Liberty - most powerful value in American history-my mind, my thoughts, my body n Self determination - everyone must have the opportunity to succeed n Americans favor equality of opportunity NOT equality of outcome n We are NOT for economic equality-are we??? n Popular consent - gov’t derives all of its power from the consent of the governed

9. ELEMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION n Separation of powers - this established the individual powers of the three branches. n Checks and balances - this prevents any of the three BRANCHES from gaining too much power. n Federalism - established the power of the LEVELS of gov’t (Federal vs. State) n Due process - All citizens are treated equally before the law

10. THREE CONCEPTS OF GOVERNMENT n The three concepts of government are freedom, order, and equality n The original dilemma of democracy pits FREEDOM VS. ORDER –How much of our freedom should we give up to ensure that we are protected by the government? F Franklin- “Any society that would give up a little liberty to gain a little security deserve neither and lose both” n Has this changed since 9/11?

11. FREEDOM n FREEDOM FROM VS. FREEDOM OF –Freedom of = rights that cannot be taken from you –Freedom of speech, religion, etc. n Freedom from = what the gov’t is responsible to provide for you –Freedom from fear, want, hunger n The government is responsible to provide equally in front of the law to all of its citizens

12. ORDER n The government maintains order and security for your person and property –Based on John Locke’s “2nd Treatise on Government” –Basic objective of government is to protect life, liberty, and property n HUGE influence on Declaration of Independence and the Founding Fathers

13. EQUALITY n TWO TYPES –Political equality - one person, one vote –Social equality - determined by wealth, education and status. n Those with more social equality have more power

14. Modern Dilemma of Gov’t n FREEDOM VS. EQUALITY –How much of our freedom should citizens give up to ensure that all citizens are treated equally? F Examples: school busing, ADA of 1990, social services (entitlements) n People favor freedom over equality

15. Models of Democracy n Majoritarian - government by the people –Key is popular election: F choose wisely F re-elect or vote out based on performance –FLAW- assumes citizens are knowledgeable and want to participate n Closest we have at national level is during presidential elections (>50% voter turnout)

16. Majoritarian democracy n Three examples at the state level –Initiative - puts policy issue on ballot by gaining signatures –Referendum - creates a vote to remove a law based on signatures. –Recall - removing an elected official through a vote of the people (after petition) n States differ in which they allow

17. Pluralist Model n Pluralist model of democracy=government by some of the people –Groups compete against each other to gain power and influence policy –Form based on shared religion, ethnicities, culture, occupation, beliefs, etc. –Usually form into interest groups –Spend money, time, and resources to influence policies to benefit their group. n They can have influence at all levels of gov’t (fed, state, or local)

18. Pluralist Model n 1950s –concept of pluralism –Modern society consists of many groups that share economic, religious, ethnic or cultural interests F People of similar interests organize formal groups –When organized group seeks to influence public policy it is called an interest group, also called a lobby

19. Pluralist Model n Interprets “government by the people” to mean govt. by the people through competing interest groups –Democracy exists when many (plural) organizations operate separately from the government, press their interests on the government and even challenge the govt. F Shifts the focus of dem. govt. from mass electorate to organized groups- opposite of Majoritarian Theory n Pluralist idea is evident in three branches of govt. –1950s-NAACP couldn’t get Congress to pass legislation to integrate schools in the South, the group took its case to the Supreme Court F If all opposing interests are allowed to organize, and if system can be open so all substantial claims are heard, the decisions will serve the diverse needs of pluralist society

20. ELITE THEORY n Small identifiable group makes most important gov’t decisions n Examples: –Wealthy corporations control the agenda –Military industrial complex- they trump all groups in time of conflict –Mass media- controls flow of information; pushes liberal agenda

21. Elite Theory n Many believe this theory makes US oligarchy –Few people define issues and outcomes for their own interests n Theory gives plausible explanation for specific political positions, such as loopholes in tax codes that favor wealthy

22. Summary of theories of democracy Majoritarian RARE Pluralist Most common Elitism Most powerful Government by all the people Government by some of the people Government by a few of the people Citizens band together to control policies Interest groups compete for power based on policy Same powerful group controls policies when it wants to

23. Political Ideology n Definition- consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper purpose and scope of government n The continuum stretches from anarchy (no government) to totalitarianism (video) n Most of the argument in American politics takes places in the center of this ideological continuum

24. Main ideologies of USA n Liberals = equality > freedom > order –Support social programs, environmental policies, stronger federal government n Conservatives = order > freedom > equality –Support national defense, stronger state government, free enterprise

25. Other ideologies n Libertarians = equality > freedom & order –Oppose all gov’t action except that which is necessary to protect life and property n Communitarians - order & equality > freedom –More socialist in nature-govt. controls major means of production, but equality, freedom, order rank equally