1. Chapter One Freedom, Order, or Equality?

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-2 The Globalization of American Government Globalization is the increasing interdependence of citizens and the nations across the world. Every government must consider the international ramifications of a country’s military, economic and social policies. Politics is the authoritative allocation of values for a society.

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-3 The Globalization of American Government (Cont’d) Diplomacy today is based upon the principle of national sovereignty, a political entity’s externally recognized right to exercise final authority over its affairs; each government’s right to govern its people as it wishes, without interference from other nations. Increasing globalization has brought a human rights emphasis to international politics.

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-4 Purposes of Government Government exists to control or to govern The three major purposes of governments are: Maintaining Order, or establishing the rule of law to preserve life and property Providing Public Goods, and Promoting Equality

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-5 PCW 1.1: Politics in a Changing World: The Globalization of Nations

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-6 The Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Government Three concepts for determining the fundamental issues or values of what government tries to do and how it decides to do it are order, freedom and equality. The two models of democratic government used to evaluate the governmental process are the majoritarian and pluralist models.

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-7 The Concepts of Freedom, Order, and Equality Freedom is used in two major senses: Freedom of: the absence of constraints on behavior - freedom to do something (liberty) Freedom from: immunity from fear and want; the fight against exploitation and oppression.

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-8 The Concepts of Freedom, Order, and Equality (Cont’d) Order is viewed in the narrow sense of preserving life and protecting property. Social Order refers to the established patterns of authority in society and to traditional modes of behavior.

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-9 CWW 1.1: Compared With What? - The Importance of Order and Freedom in Other Nations

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-10 The Concepts of Freedom, Order, and Equality (Cont’d) Equality is used in two different senses, to support different causes: Equality of opportunity: Each person has the same chance to succeed in life Equality of outcome: Government must design policies that redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality are actually achieved

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-11 Two Dilemmas of Government The original dilemma of government involves freedom versus order. The modern dilemma of government involves freedom versus equality.

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-12 Ideology and the Scope of Government People hold different opinions about the merits of government policies. Ideology is defined as a consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper purpose and scope of government.

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-13 Figure 1.1: Ideology and the Scope of Government

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-14 Ideology and the Scope of Government (Cont’d) Totalitarianism is the belief that government should have unlimited power and control all sectors of society and individual behavior, such as in business, labor, education, sports and the arts.

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-15 Ideology and the Scope of Government (Cont’d) Socialism is a theory of government that believes the scope of government extends to ownership or control of the basic industries that produce goods and services. Socialism allows for more private ownership of productive capacity than Communism.

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-16 Ideology and the Scope of Government (Cont’d) Capitalism is an ideology that supports free enterprise and private business operating without government regulation. Communism involves a theory that gives ownership of all land and productive facilities to the people; the government (the “state”).

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-17 Ideology and the Scope of Government (Cont’d) Libertarianism is an ideology that opposes all government action except what is necessary to protect life and property. Anarchism is an ideology that opposes all government, in any form and values freedom above all else.

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-18 American Political Ideologies and the Purpose of Government Liberals are an ideology that believes in government helping the disadvantaged and support government spending on social programs. Conservatives are an ideology that believes in private enterprise but not government job programs, regulation of business or legislation of working conditions and rates.

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-19 Liberals vs. Conservatives Want generous government support of social programs Support government activism but oppose government regulation of abortion Are more tolerant of alternative lifestyles and would use coercive power to support equality Want smaller government budgets and fewer government programs Oppose government activism but support government control of sexually explicit material Want government coercive power to maintain social order

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-20 Ideologies: A Two-Dimensional Framework

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1-21 American Political Ideologies and the Purpose of Government Communitarians are an ideology that believes government should be used to promote moral values and to help the disadvantaged. They favor government that promotes order and equality.