1. Tudor
England

2. Essential Question:
How effective was Henry VIII versus his daughter Elizabeth I in dealing with domestic issues in Tudor England?

3. King Henry Tudor VIII
Born: June 28, 1491, to King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.
Coronated: June 24th, 1509 with his wife Catherine of Aragon. 
Died: January 28th, 1547 at age 56
Henry was the first King to use “your majesty” as his title

4. Young Life Henry was raised to be a pious and devout Catholic
He was awarded the title "Defender of the Faith“ by the Pope after writing a treatise denouncing Martin Luther's Reformist ideas
He did not enjoy his father’s stoic and unexciting ruling style, instead favoring exciting court life.
Henry wrote much poetry throughout his life
Henry had no particular interest in governing at all, preferring sport and arts.

5. Court Life
The court life initiated by his father evolved into a cornerstone of Tudor government in the reign of Henry VIII.
Henry loved the extravagance and excitement of the court drama.
He spent much of his time being entertained by the nobles and met the last five of his wives from his court.

6. Catherine of Aragon (1509-1533)
Henry’s Wives
Catherine of Aragon ( )
Anne Boleyn ( )
Jane Seymour ( )
-Henry spent much of his energy in his social life in the courts, marrying six times in total.
Anne of Cleves (1540)
Catherine Howard ( )
Katherine Parr ( )

7. 16th December 1485 to 7th January 1536
Youngest surviving child of the ‘Catholic Kings’ of Spain.
Age 3, promised to Henry VII eldest son Prince Arthur.
Age 16, married Prince Arthur until he died 6 months later.
Age 23, married King Henry VIII on June 11th 1509 in Greyfriars Church, Greenwich.
Age 30, gave birth to Princess Mary.
Age 47, King Henry divorced her to marry Anne Boleyn.
Died 7th January 1536 of a broken heart, aged 50.
Catherine of Aragon
16th December 1485 to 7th January 1536

8. We don’t know her date of birth, it is guessed to be 1501/02.
She was a lady-in-waiting to Henry VIII sister in France.
She apparently had an extra finger on her left hand.
Aged about 31, she married King Henry VIII on January 25th 1533 in Westminster Abbey.
Aged about 31, she gave birth to Princess Elizabeth.
Accused of witchcraft and treason she was sentenced to death by her own uncle.
Died 19th May 1536 in the Tower of London, she was beheaded, aged about 34.
Anne Boleyn
1501/02 to 19th May 1536

9. Jane Seymour 1504-09 to 24th October 1537
We don’t know her date of birth, it is guessed to be between
She was Lady-in-waiting to Anne Boleyn .
Aged between 27-32, she married King Henry VIII on 20th May 1536 in York Place.
It is said that she was the favourite wife of Henry VIII.
On 12th October 1537 she gave birth to Prince Edward.
Jane grew sick after giving birth.
She died on 24th October 1537, aged between
Jane Seymour
to 24th October 1537

10. Born in Dusseldorf (Germany) in 1516.
Holbein, a famous artist from the era, was commissioned to paint her portrait for Henry VIII before he met her.
Age 24, married King Henry VIII on January 6th 1540 in Greyfriars Church, Greenwich.
4 months later she allowed King Henry VIII to have the marriage annulled.
Henry ensured she was well taken care of and she lived a happy independent life with many homes in England.
Died 1557 of illness aged 41.
Anne of Cleves
1516 to 1557

11. Accused of adultery she was sentenced to death.
We don’t know her date of birth, it is guessed to be 1521.
She was a lady-in-waiting to Anne of Cleves and the cousin of the ill fated Anne Boleyn.
Henry called her his ‘Rose without a Thorn’.
Aged about 19, she married King Henry VIII on July 28th 1540 in Oatlands Palace, Surrey.
Accused of adultery she was sentenced to death.
Died 13th February 1542 (6 years after her cousin) in the Tower of London, she was beheaded, aged about 20.
Kathryn Howard
1521 to 13th February 1542

12. Katharine Parr 1512 to 5th September 1548
Born in She was twice widowed and childless.
Aged 30, she married King Henry VIII on 12th July 1543 in Hampton Court Palace.
Henry tried to have her sentenced to death but was unsuccessful
Henry passed away 28th January 1547.
She promptly married Thomas Seymour, brother of Jane Seymour, as soon as Henry died.
Katharine had a baby girl on the 30th August 1548 but soon became ill and passed away 6 days later aged 35.
Katharine Parr
1512 to 5th September 1548

13. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
Archbishop of York
Wolsey was quite capable as Lord Chancellor, but his own interests were served more than that of the king
he still was subject to Henry's favor - losing Henry's confidence proved to be his downfall.
Led the Church in England after being given powers by Henry to bypass the church hierarchy.
He fell out of power when he failed to get an annulment from the Pope so that Henry could marry Anne Boleyn.
Cardinal Wolsey virtually ruled England when he was the Lord Chancellor

14. The “King’s Great Matter”
Though he and Catherine of Aragon had been married twenty years, Henry’s obsession with creating a male heir made him seek an annulment of his marriage.
Cardinal Wolsey tried to obtain Pope Clement VII’s permission, but was unable.
Henry created the Reformation Parliament in 1529
Clement was indebted to the Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and nephew of Catherine, Henry’s wife

15. Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer
Cranmer – religion
Archbishop of Canterbury
dealt with and guided changes in ecclesiastical policy and oversaw the dissolution of the monasteries.
Cromwell - politics
Lord Chancellor
created new government departments to keep track of revenue and keep up to date records.
Oversaw Reformation Parlaiment
Henry surrounded himself with smart men since he himself had no aptitude for governing.

16. Reformation Parliament
The break from Rome was accomplished through law, not social outcry.
This step was only taken after an annulment from the Pope was deemed impossible.
137 statutes in seven years
Religious reform movements had already taken hold in England, but continental Protestantism had yet to find favor with the English people.
Henry was named the Supreme Head of the Church of England
1536- all ecclesiastical and government officials were required to publicly approve of the break with Rome and take an oath of loyalty.
The king moved away from the medieval idea of ruler as chief lawmaker and overseer of civil behavior, to the modern idea of ruler as the ideological icon of the state.

17. The Acts An Act of Submission of the Clergy (1534)
prevented the Church from making any regulations without the King's consent.
The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act (1534)
required the clergy to elect Bishops nominated by the Sovereign.
The Act of Supremacy (1534)
declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England“
The Treasons Act (1534)
made it high treason, punishable by death, to refuse to acknowledge the King as the Church leader.
Act of Succesion (1534)
Rejecting the decisions of the Pope, Parliament validated the marriage between Henry and Anne.
The Pope responded to these events by excommunicating Henry in July 1533.

18. Dissolution of Monasteries
Monastic lands and possessions were broken up and sold off.
In the 1520s, some monasteries were closed down to pay for colleges like Oxford and Ipswich
In , another 200 smaller monasteries were dissolved
1539, England's remaining monasteries were all dissolved, and their property transferred to the Crown.  
As a result, Crown revenues doubled for a few years.

19. After the Break
Henry became disillusion after the break with the Catholic Church
Consequently, much of the remainder of Henry’s reign is relatively unexciting.
Henry’s religious policies were somewhat confusing, as he considered himself a Catholic until the end of his life.
Henry's specific religious policies were very unclear; no one knew the exact definition of heresy, it was whatever Henry demanded at the time.

20. The Laws in Wales Acts
, England legally annexed Wales, uniting England and Wales into one nation.
English became the official language of Wales, to be used in official proceedings.
This greatly insulted the number of people who still spoke the Welsh language.

21. The Royal Navy Henry is considered the father of the Royal Navy
He engaged in naval warfare during his term and put a large investment into building a successful fleet, creating dockyards and supporting naval innovations
He did not, however, leave a running Navy for his successors.
There was no structured system to continue the tradition.

22. Succession The Act of Succesion (1544)
Henry gave the crown to his only surviving son, Edward
Edward was the first Protestant monarch to rule England.
In the event of a death without children, Edward was to be succeeded Mary, his daughter by his first wife.
If Mary did not have children, she was to be succeeded Elizabeth, his daughter by his second wife, Anne Boleyn.
Finally, if Elizabeth also did not have children, she was to be succeeded by the descendants of Henry VIII's deceased sister, Mary Tudor
This Act gave Mary and Elizabeth the titles of Princess, whereas before, they had been Ladies.

23. How He Left the Country
England was an impoverished country torn apart by religious squabbles.
However, Henry's reformation had produced dangerous Protestant-Roman Catholic differences in the kingdom. The monasteries' wealth had been spent on wars and had also built up the economic strength of the aristocracy and other families in the counties, which in turn was to encourage ambitious Tudor court factions.

24. Queen Elizabeth Tudor I
Born: September 7, to King Henry VIII and
Anne Boleyn, his second wife.
Coronated: January 15, 1559 at Westminster Abbey
Died: March 24, 1603 at age 69
-Henry was devastated with Elizabeth’s birth because he had been hoping for a son and an heir to his throne. When Anne Boleyn was declared null and void, Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and she no longer held a place in the line of succession
-Later, Henry reinstated his daughters in the line of succession
-She had a special flare for languages, and by adulthood, she could reputedly speak five languages fluently.
- Her last stepmother, Katherine Parr, made sure that Elizabeth and her brother Edward were well-educated

25. 'Proud and haughty, as although she knows she was born of such a mother, she nevertheless does not consider herself of inferior degree to the Queen, whom she equals in self-esteem; nor does she believe herself less legitimate than her Majesty, alleging in her own favour that her mother would never cohabit with the King unless by way of marriage, with the authority of the Church.... She prides herself on her father and glories in him; everybody saying that she also resembles him more than the Queen does and he therefore always liked her and had her brought up in the same way as the Queen.'  
the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel describes Elizabeth; spring 1557
- This quote was given when Elizabeth was 24 years old, the year before she became Queen herself.
- The reference to a queen in this passage is her sister Mary.

26. Pre-Ruling Conflicts
Before she became Queen, Elizabeth, a Protestant, clashed with her sister Mary and other Catholics.
While her brother Edward was King, Elizabeth was unrightfully implicated in a plot to overthrow the young King by his uncle Thomas Seymour.
Then, in the Wyatt Rebellion of 1554, Queen Mary accused Elizabeth of being in the plot to overthrow her.
- Elizabeth was thought to be part of this plot because Thomas was widely known in his affection or the young princess.
- While Mary was Queen, she was frequently suspicious of Elizabeth and constantly thought that Elizabeth and other Protestants would try to overthrow her.

27. The Captivity of Elizabeth
After the Wyatt Rebellion, Elizabeth was locked up in the Tower of London even though there was no evidence against her.
She was then moved to the gate house at Woodstock Manor in Oxfordshire for one year.
She was let go at the bequest of Mary’s husband, King Phillip of Spain.
-Although many of Mary’s Catholic followers wanted her executed, she was simply locked up in the Tower of London for two months.
- It was widely known that Mary’s husband, King Phillip of Spain, had actually wanted to marry Elizabeth.

28. Elizabeth’s Refusal to Marry
Most thought that the Queen would marry within her first year or so as Queen.
Elizabeth valued the independence she had and did not feel she needed a man to guide her.
It would have also been politically difficult for her to choose a suitable husband.
The Privy Council, whose job it was to choose a husband for the Queen, was too divided to ever agree on a suitable mate.
This made it much easier for Elizabeth to refuse any marriage suggestions or proposals.
'Everything depends upon the husband this woman takes.' -the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 1560
Elizabeth’s unwillingness to marry could have come from the sight of the unsuccessful marriages of her father or a fear of dying in childbirth.
Another reason for not marrying could have just been that she was simply not a romantic person, she was pragmatic and harsh.

29. State of Affairs in 1558
'The Queen poor; the realm exhausted; the nobility poor and decayed; want of good captains and soldiers; the people out of order; justice not executed; justices of peace unmeet for office; all things dear; excess of meat and drink, and apparel; division among ourselves; war with France and Scotland; the French King, having one foot in Calais and the other in Scotland; steadfast enmity, but no steadfast friendship abroad.' 
An anonymous contemporary observer in 1558
The conflicting beliefs of King Edward and Queen Mary had left England in a sorry state of affairs at the beginning of her reign.

30. 'Semper Eadem' ('Always the Same‘)
This was the motto of Elizabeth’s reign, as her main goal was to stabilize the formerly struggling country.
To achieve this goal, Elizabeth focused on staying out of foreign conflict, unlike her predesessors and maintaining the balance between the Catholics and Protestants in her country.

31. Re-Establishing Protestantism
After Elizabeth was named Queen, she re-established the Protestant Church in England.
She herself believed in toleration of all religions.
She was often forced to take a harsher stance on punishment of Catholics because of the schism between the two sects.
‘There is only one Christ, Jesus, one faith… all else is a dispute over trifles.’
-Although she re-established Protestantism, Elizabeth had no problem with Catholics believing whatever they wanted to, as long as they obeyed er as Queen
-in this way, she was a realpolitique

32. The Act of Supremacy
Gave Elizabeth ultimate control of the Church of England.
Title of monarch modified to "Supreme Governor of the Church in England". 
Also included an oath of loyalty to the Queen that the clergy were expected to take.
If they did not take it, then they would lose their office. 
-The change may have been made to appease Catholics who could not accept the monarch as "Head of the Church", seeing the church as the Pope's domain, or it may have been made because Elizabeth was a woman.

33. The Act of Supremacy: The Oath of Loyalty
“the Queen's Highness is the only Supream Governor of this Realm, and of all other her Highness Dominions and Countries, as well in all Spiritual or Ecclesiastical Things or Causes, as Temporal; and that no foreign Prince, Person, Prelate State or Potentate, hath or ought to have any Jurisdiction, Power, Superiority, Preheminence, or Authority Ecclesiastical or Spiritual, within this Realm;… from henceforth I shall bear faith and true Allegiance to the Queen’s Highness, her Heirs and lawful Successors…  So help me God, and by the Contents of this Book.”
-a High Commision was made to make sure that all clergy took this oath

34. The Act of Uniformity Implemented in the summer of 1559
Crux of Elizabethan Church, establishing a set form of worship.
The Prayer books of Edward VI were fused into one, and were to be used in every church in the land.
Church attendance on Sundays and holy days was made compulsory.
The wording of the Communion was to be vague so that Protestants and Catholics could both participate,
Had trouble getting passed through Parliament.
A large number of the Parliament, extremists on both sides, opposed the bill
-There was a twelve pence fine collected if people did not attend church and this money was given to the poor.
-became a remarkable success

35. Act of Uniformity
“…all and every person and persons inhabiting within this realm, or any other the queen's majesty's dominions, shall diligently and faithfully, having no lawful or reasonable excuse to be absent, endeavour themselves to resort to their parish church or chapel accustomed, … upon every Sunday and other days ordained and used to be kept as holy days, and then and there to abide orderly and soberly during the time of the common prayer, preachings, or other service of God there to be used and ministered; upon pain of punishment by the censures of the Church, and also upon pain that every person so offending shall forfeit for every such offence twelve pence, to be levied by the churchwardens of the parish where such offence shall be done, to the use of the poor of the same parish, of the goods, lands, and tenements of such offender, by way of distress.”
-This is an excerpt from the Act of Uniformity detailing the obligation of every Englishman to go to church every Sunday and the punishment if they were not in attendance.

36. Puritans
Puritans put power in the local parish, above anything else, which put it in direct conflict with the monarchy.
The Church of England was more dedicated to England and the Queen than to God, which troubled Protestants
Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement underground. 
John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury, adopted some reforms, but did not want to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I had created Protestant ones. 
He was also more interested in establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine. 

37. The Northern Rebellion
In 1569, The Catholics of Northern England started a rebellion with the hopes of taking away the English crown from Elizabeth and giving it to Mary, Queen of Scots.
Led by two members of the Northern nobility:
Charles Neville
Thomas Percy
Led to a Papal Bull set forth by Pope Pius V, The Bull of Deposition (Regnans in Excelsis), excommunicating Elizabeth.
The Bull of Deposition was issued after the putting down of the rebellion but it led Elizabeth to stop her policy of religious toleration.
The Catholic powers of Europe were also ordered to act against the unlawful queen as she was a heretic and enemy of the true faith. 
Elizabeth began the persecution of her religious enemies, which led to more efforts to take her down

38. Political Skill
Elizabeth’s approach to the monarchy was drastically different from any of her predecessors because of her willingness to listen to those around her.
She would change a policy if it was unpopular.
Her approach to politics was serious, conservative, and cautious.
Elizabeth was dedicated to her country in a way few monarchs had been or have been since. Elizabeth had the mind of a political genius and nurtured her country through careful leadership and by choosing capable men to assist her, such as Sir William Cecil and Sir Francis Walsingham.

39. Advisors
Elizabeth was especially gifted at choosing smart people to help her lead.
Sir William Cecil Secretary of State
Sir Francis Walsingham, The Queen’s Spymaster
-The role of the secretary was mainly advising the Queen, overseeing the preservation of law and order, defending the realm against plots, and genera security
- William Cecil joined Elizabeth as her chief advisor in 1558 and then served her until he died in 1598.
- He was her major confidante and considered one of the greatest statesman in English history. -

40. Sir William Cecil
Elizabeth and Cecil ruled England almost side by side until his death in 1598.
‘This judgment I have of you that you will not be corrupted by any manner of gift and that you will be faithful to the state; and that without respect of my private will you will give me that counsel which you think best and if you shall know anything necessary to be declared to me of secrecy, you shall show it to myself only.’
Cecil and the Queen were so close that some historians are unsure whether the successes of the Queen’s reign should in fact be attributed to Cecil.

41. Robert Dudley The handsome Robert Dudley was appointed Master of the
Horse, a position that required
close contact with the Queen.
Cecil and Dudley disliked each other
They were both rivals for the Queen’s attention.
two rival factions developed in court around the two men
It was clear from the beginning that Robert Dudley was the queen's favorite courtier.  They were openly affectionate and Dudley enjoyed flaunting the queen's favor. 
- Elizabeth and Dudley had been friends since being imprisoned together in in the Tower during Mary's reign. 
There are rumors of a romantic relationship between the two but it is largely believed that their relationship was simply flirtatious.
When Dudley’s wife died under mysterious circumstances, some believed that she had been killed to make it possible for Dudley and the Queen to marry.

42. Indecisive or Compromising?
Many were annoyed by the Queen’s refusal to take sides on the issue of religion.
Protestants felt that she should be more harsh in her treatment of Catholics and punish their religious worship as crime.
But by not persecuting Catholics, she struck a balance that lasted through much of her reign.
She had to endure much less political struggle than her siblings, who were more extremist towards either side.
She also stayed away from foreign entanglements that would put a strain on the economic welfare of England.
She used this same tactic concerning marriage, she did not want to involve the country in any political backlash depending on her choice of spouse.

43. Privy Council
The main job of the Council was to give advice to Queen Elizabeth. The Councilors did not always agree on matters, but Elizabeth listened to all sides of the argument, and then made up her own mind about what to do. This increased her power as she could always make the final decision
The Privy Council was part of a more localized method of government which was very important in Tudor England.
Royal representatives were situated in every county in the country to make sure that the Queen’s wishes were carried out.
Elizabeth cut down the number of councilors in her Council from the 50 the Mary had to 19 at the beginning of her term.
She believed that too many people with different ideas would only cause more problems than solve them.
By the end of her term, there were only thirteen council members and they met every day.

44. Parliament The House of Lords
The Queen had a more direct effect on these members, as she appointed bishops and created many of the positions.
The House of Commons.
Knights of the shire  - each county sent two representatives
borough members - many towns had acquired the right to  elect members
The consent of both houses and the Queen was required to pass all laws.  
The Monarch summoned the Houses of Parliament and could prorogue (temporarily suspend) or dissolve Parliament at will. 
The Monarch appointed Bishops and created peers, and so had a more direct influence on the composition of the House of Lords than of the House of Commons.
Only Parliament could make law and levy taxes
- Under Henry, Abbots and priors lost their seats in the House of Lords; only archbishops and bishops came to comprise the ecclesiastical element of the body. -Parliament only sat for about three years of Elizabeth’s 45 as queen.
-Each session was about three months long

45. Court System The Great Session (Assizes),
held twice a year in each county
The Assizes in particular had the power to inflict harsh punishments.
Quarter Sessions Court,
held four times a year.
Between them, these courts dealt with most crimes, such  as theft, witchcraft, recusancy, murder, and assault.
For less important crimes, there were other courts such as the Petty Sessions, Manor courts, or even town courts.
The Church Courts were important in dealing with religious or moral affairs.
The court you were sent to depended on your social standing,

46. Scotland
Many believed that Mary, Queen of Scots, a catholic, was the rightful Queen of England.
Since Mary too was a female sovereign Queen, Elizabeth was careful about how she recognized Mary’s power because she didn’t want to be in the same situation.
-Since Elizabeth knew Catholics would be outraged if she executed Mary, the Queen kept Mary safe in the tower until she was forced to have her executed.
After Mary was forced out of Scotland and fled to England, Elizabeth locked her up in the Tower of London for 20 years.
Although Elizabeth did not want to have her cousin executed, she was forced to send Mary to execution after the plot of Babington was uncovered.

47. Succession
On her deathbed, Elizabeth passed the crown onto James of Scotland.
He was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, Elizabeth’s cousin
Elizabeth felt comfortable in giving the crown to James because he had been raised by Protestant minister with whom Elizabeth had a correspondence.

48. How She Left the Country
England was one of the most powerful and prosperous countries in the world.
It had proved itself to be the strongest Naval force in the World.

49. Conclusion
Overall, Elizabeth was much better at handling the conflicts between feuding portions of the country.
Elizabeth’s skills as a realpolitique helped her manage the balance between the Catholic and Protestant sects.
Henry was much more of a traditional monarch and spent more time on his social and romantic life than on leading the country.

50. THE END