1. Urban Forest Hurricane Recovery Program http://treesandhurricanes.ifas.ufl.edu

2. Selecting Wind Resistant Trees: Coastal Plain Species Mary Duryea Eliana Kampf

3. Study Methodology Results Lists of wind resistance Recommendations for a healthy urban forest

4. Andrew 165 mph 1992 Georges 110 mph 1998 Katrina 125 mph 2005 Rita 120 mph 2005 Ivan 130 mph 2004 Opal 125 mph 1995 Erin 85 mph 1995 Dennis 120 mph 2005 Charley 145 mph 2004 Puerto Rico Louisiana Mississippi Alabama Florida Georgia Hurricanes Measured in Study Funding: FL DOT and DOF, USDA Forest Service Jeanne 120 mph 2004

5. SE Coastal Plain Subtropical & Tropical

6. Urban neighborhoods randomly chosen at point of landfall All trees along streets were measured Standing, leaning or fallen Measured dbh, height for palms Defoliation, branch damage Methodology

7. Surveyed 240 arborists, urban foresters, forest scientists Asked them to rank 160 tree species for wind resistance Wind and Trees Survey

8. sand live oak

9. Average Branch Loss (%) spruce pine sycamore SE red oak laurel oak SE red cedar sweet gum chinese tallow* live oak pecan water oak red maple black cherry SE magnoliaslash pine longleaf pinesand live oak Bradford pear wax myrtle dogwood crape myrtle loblolly pine American holly sand pine tulip poplar 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 C. laurelcherry * prohibited species in Florida Hurricane Ivan (130 mph) Tree species LSD = 11% Results

10. Branch Loss ( %) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Tree Diameter P<0.0001 39-79 in. 20-39 in. 8-19 in. < 8 in. Large trees do more poorly than small trees

11. Survival (Recalculated) (%) * prohibited species in Florida Tree Species American holly wax myrtle SE magnolia crape myrtle live oak dogwood sabal palm slash pine pecan red maple Bradford pear laurel oak water oak loblolly pine black cherry longleaf pine chinese tallow* sycamore SE red oak SE red cedar sand pine C. laurelcherry spruce pine tulip poplar 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Hurricane Ivan (130 mph) sand live oak sweet gum LSD = 25% Results

12. Laurel Oak Rapid growing, short lived (mature at 50 yr) Light wood (0.56 g/cm 3 ) Damaging when it falls

13. Survival of Oaks in North FL Sand live oakLive oakLaurel Survival (%) Erin (85 mph) Dennis (120 mph) Opal (125 mph) Ivan (130 mph) 20 40 60 80 100 0 P<0.001 Hurricane

14. Sabal Palm 85120125130145 Survival (%) Wind Speed (mph) 0 20 40 60 80 100 165 92% 93% Erin Jeanne Opal Ivan CharleyAndrew

15. Southern Magnolia 96%, 97%, 92% standing after Erin, Opal, Ivan Excellent survival rate even though it lost about 43% of its leaves

16. Southern Red Cedar 0 20 40 60 80 100 Survival (%) Wind Speed (mph) 85120125130 ErinDennisOpalIvan

17. Wind Speed 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 85120125130145 85 120125130145 Erin Jeanne Opal Ivan Erin Opal Charley Ivan Slash Pine Erin Jeanne Opal Charley Ivan Longleaf Pine Sand PineLoblolly Pine Opal Ivan Survival after Hurricanes (%) Andrew 16 5 Pines

18. Dangerous to have large trees close to buildings Medium to Poor wind resistance: Longleaf & Slash > Loblolly > Sand & Spruce pine Continue to die after hurricanes: Ivan (130 mph): Lost an additional 2-3% Charley (145 mph): Lost an additional 50%

19. Live Oak Defoliates early – Leaf loss was positively correlated with survival (p<0.0001) Strong wood – 0.8 g/cm 3 Species with higher wood density survived better and lost less branches (p<0.0001) Strong roots

20. Native vs. Exotic Trees Survival (%) Hurricane **** NS Native species Exotic species 0 20 40 60 80 100 JeanneIvanCharley

21. 85 surveys (35%) were returned Combining: our study results survey scientific literature Lists of Wind Resistance

22.  Wind and Trees Survey – Results Scientific NameCommon Name Wind Resistance HighMediumLow #%#%#% Total # Liquidambar styracifluasweetgum 184321503742 Magnolia grandifloraSE magnolia 44838151253 Pinus clausasand pine 37717327642 Pinus palustrislongleaf pine 2359112851339 Pinus elliottiislash pine 16263557101661 Quercus laurifolialaurel oak 342639385767 Quercus virginianalive oak 6389811 0071 Sabal palmettosabal palm 7199110072 Phoenix canariensisCanary Island date palm 4989472455 Taxodium distichumbald cypress 599169 0065 Taxodium ascendenspond cypress 4091490 044

23. Highest Wind Resistance Dicots Carya floridana, FL scrub hickory Cornus florida, dogwood Ilex cassine, dahoon holly Ilex glabra, inkberry Ilex opaca, American holly Ilex vomitoria, yaupon holly Lagerstroemia indica, crape myrtle Magnolia grandiflora, southern magnolia Quercus geminata, sand live oak Quercus laevis, turkey oak Quercus myrtifolia, myrtle oak Quercus virginiana, live oak Podocarpus spp, podocarpus Vaccinium arboreum, sparkleberry Conifers Taxodium distichum, baldcypress Taxodium ascendens, pondcypress Palms Butia capitata, pindo or jelly Phoenix canariensis, Canary Island date Phoenix dactylifera, date Sabal palmetto, cabbage, sabal Medium-High Wind Resistance Dicots Acer saccharum subsp. floridanum, FL sugar maple Acer palmatum, Japanese maple Betula nigra, river birch Carpinus caroliniana, ironwood Carya glabra, pignut hickory Carya tomentosa, mockernut hickory Cercis canadensis, red bud Chionanthus virginicus, fringe tree Diospyros virginiana, common persimmon Fraxinus americana, white ash Liquidambar styraciflua, sweetgum Magnolia virginiana, sweetbay magnolia Magnolia x soulangiana, saucer magnolia Nyssa aquatica, water tupelo Nyssa sylvatica, black tupelo Ostrya virginiana, American hophornbean Prunus angustifolia, chickasaw plum Quercus michauxii, swamp chestnut Quercus shumardii, Shumard oak Quercus stellata, post oak Ulmus alata, winged elm Palms Washingtonia robusta, Washington fan

24. Medium-Low Wind Resistance Dicots Acer negundo, boxelder Acer rubrum, red maple Acer saccharinum, silver maple Celtis laevigata, sugarberry Celtis occidentalis, hackberry Cinnamomum camphora, camphor * Eriobotrya japonica, loquat ** Eucalyptus cinera, silverdollar eucalyptus Fraxinus pennsylvanica, green ash Morus rubra, red mulberry Myrica cerifera, wax myrtle Persea borbonia, redbay Platanus occidentalis, sycamore Prunus serotina, black cherry Quercus alba, white oak Quercus phellos, willow oak Salix x sepulcralis, weeping willow Ulmus americana, American elm Conifers Pinus elliottii, slash pine Pinus palustris, longleaf pine Pinus taeda, loblolly pine Lowest Wind Resistance Dicots Carya illinoensis, pecan Liriodendron tulipifera, tulip poplar Prunus caroliniana, Carolina laurelcherry Pyrus calleryana, Bradford pear Quercus falcata, southern red oak Quercus laurifolia, laurel oak Quercus nigra, water oak Sapium sebiferum, Chinese tallow *** Ulmus parvifolia, Chinese elm Conifers Juniperus silicicola, southern red cedar x Cupressocyparis leylandii, Leyland cypress Pinus clausa, sand pine Pinus glabra, spruce pine * Invasive, not recommended by University of Florida/IFAS ** Caution: manage to prevent escape *** Prohibited in Florida (Fox et al. 2005)

25. Recommendations for a healthy urban forest Consider soil depth, water depth and compaction When Establishing New Trees: Plant a mixture of species, ages and layers Plant trees from the highest and medium-high WR lists Give trees adequate rooting space: small trees - at least 3 x 3 m large trees - at least 10 x 10 m Plant trees in groups as opposed to individually Establish a structural pruning program early on Plant high quality trees with good structure Give trees adequate aerial space when mature

26. Consult with a certified arborist or urban forester When Managing Older Trees: Remove hazard trees Consider removing trees on the lowest WR list Know the life span of your tree Prune trees regularly Be aware of root damage during construction Have tree health evaluated Recommendations for a healthy urban forest