1. Chapter 35: America in WWII

2.  After the bombing at Pearl Harbor, politicians "getting Germany first“ ◦ Help the Soviet Union and Britain so they would help us later.

3.  Japanese Internment ◦ Supreme court case: Korematsu vs. U.S. (1944)  End of New Deal Reform Era ◦ End of CCC, WPA, NYA

4.  War Production Board (WPB) ◦ Produced weaponry (guns and planes) ◦ Halted car production ◦ rationing of gasoline  Office of Price Administration (OPA) ◦ Regulated increased prices brought on by boom  War Labor Board (WLB) ◦ Imposed ceilings on wage increases

5.  Braceros – Mexicans brought in by the thousands to work in agriculture  Native Americans served in the armed forces. ◦ Comanches in Europe and Navajos in the Pacific made such valuable contributions as code talkers  Women ◦ 216,000 employed by armed forces ◦ At the height of the war, there were 19,170,000 women in the labor force.

7.  1.6 million blacks left for the West and North.  A. Philip Randolph, head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, threatened a massive "Negro March on Washington" in 1941  Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) forbid discrimination in defense industries. 

8.  Attacked the American outposts of Guam, Wake, and the Philippines.  In the Philippines, American forces, led by General MacArthur, surrendered on April 9, 1942. ◦ The island fortress of Corregidor held out until it surrendered on May 6, 1942, giving the Japanese complete control of the Philippines.

9.  May 1942  Japanese v. U.S and Australia  First action with aircraft carriers  Japanese tactical victory but stopped Japanese expansion

11.  June 4 th, 1942  Most important Pacific campaign  Japan planned to lure US into trap ◦ Codebreakers determined details of plan ◦ U.S. set up own ambush  Heavy loses weakened Japanese Navy  American navy far superior

13.  The U.S. Navy strategy in the Japanese-held islands in the Pacific. ◦ The strategy dictated that the American forces, would reduce the fortified Japanese outposts. ◦ Set up airfields and then neutralizing the enemy bases through heavy bombing. ◦ The outposts would then die due to lack of essential supplies from the homeland..

14.  Hitler had entered the war with U-Boats. ◦ Allies used old techniques, such as dropping depth bombs from destroyers.  The turning point - 1942. ◦ Battle of El Alamein: drove the Germans all the way back to Tunisia. (North Africa)  In September 1942, the Soviets repelled Hitler's attack on Stalingrad, capturing thousands of German soldiers. ◦ (The turning point in the war in the Soviet Union.) 

16.  Allied forces captured Sicily in August 1943.  In September 1943, Italy surrendered unconditionally and Mussolini was overthrown.  Germans would not let the Allies take control of Italy.

17.  Teheran Conference (Churchill + Roosevelt) ◦ agreement on broad plans, especially those for launching Soviet attacks on Germany from the east simultaneously with the Allied assault from the west.  General Eisenhower was given command.  French Normandy was chosen for the point for invasion ◦ less heavily defended than other parts of the European cost.

19.  On D-Day, June 6, 1944, the enormous operation took place.  After desperate fighting, the Allies finally broke out of the German ring that enclosed the beach.  General George S. Patton led armored divisions across France extremely fast and efficiently.  Paris was liberated in August 1944.

22.  On December 16, 1944, Hitler threw all of his forces against the thinly held American lines in the Ardennes Forest. ◦ The Americans were driven back, creating a deep "bulge" in the Allied line. ◦ halted by the 101 st Airborne Division (Battle of the Bulge.)  The Soviets reached and captured Berlin in April 1945. Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945.

23.  In April 1945, General Eisenhower's troops reached the Elbe River, finding the concentration camps where the Nazis had murdered over 6 million Jews. Not until the war's end did all of the atrocities of the "Holocaust" appear.

27.  The Soviets reached and captured Berlin in April 1945. Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945.  On April 12, 1945, President Roosevelt died suddenly from a brain hemorrhage. Harry S Truman took over the presidency.  On May 7, 1945, the German government surrendered unconditionally.

28.  Strategic point in Pacific  took US America over one month to take.  The Marines lost 6,891 men killed and 18,070 wounded.  Out of the 22,000 Japanese soldiers on the island, only 212 were taken prisoners.  What the battle did show the Americans was how far the Japanese would go to defend their country – a decision that was to influence the use of the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. HiroshimaNagasak

29.  The Potsdam conference near Berlin in 1945 sounded the death of the Japanese. ◦ Truman and Stalin ◦ Ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be destroyed.  On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb was  With the Japanese still refusing to surrender, the “Little Boy” was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.

33.  Hiroshima ◦ 70,000 initially dead ◦ 5 year death toll:200,000  Nagasaki ◦ 40,000 initially dead ◦ 140,000 within 5 years

34.  On August 8, Stalin invaded the Japanese defenses of Manchuria and Korea.  After the Japanese still refused to surrender, “Fat Man” was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9.  On August 10, 1945, Tokyo surrendered under the condition that Hirohito be allowed to remain the emperor.  The Allies accepted this condition on August 14, 1945. The formal end to the war came on September 2, 1945.

35.  American forces suffered some 1 million casualties in WWII, while the Soviet Union suffered nearly 20 million.  After the war, much of the world was destroyed while America was virtually left untouched.  The nation was better prepared for the war than any other nation because it had begun to prepare about a year and a half before the war officially began.