1. 1.How many inches of rain does Manitou Springs receive in May? 2.What is the highest average temperature? 3.Is there more precipitation in the winter or summer months?

2. Weather and Climate

3. The Atmosphere Review: –Earth’s atmosphere is the envelope of gases that surround the Earth.

4. Weather and Climate Weather – condition of the atmosphere at a given time and place Climate – weather conditions in a geographic region over a long period of time

5. Weather and Climate What is San Antonio’s weather like today? What is the climate of San Antonio?

6. Solar Energy

7. Factors that affect climate : The Sun –The sun’s energy reaches earth –Half of the energy is reflected back into space or absorbed by the atmosphere –The other half is absorbed by the Earth’s surface and converted into heat energy –The atmosphere traps this heat in a process called the greenhouse effect –The greenhouse effect helps keep the planet warm

8. The Greenhouse Effect

9. Global Warming Global warming – process by which the Earth grows warmer over a period of time Human caused or natural cycle of the Earth?

10. Global Warming Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas… Because it absorbs heat, more carbon dioxide could enhance the greenhouse effect

11. Global Warming Human activities such as burning coal, natural gas, and oil put more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

13. Global Warming What are some things that people are doing to help stop global warming?

14. Weather and Climate We have seen that the sun affects weather and climate. The air around you also affects what the weather and climate will be like…

15. Factors that affect climate : Atmospheric Pressure the air in our atmosphere has weight air around you is pushing on you

16. Atmospheric Pressure High Pressure –Cold air; dense, therefore it sinks –As it sinks, the air heats and dries –Usually brings stable, clear and dry weather –can equal extreme heat and bitter cold (Think about a hot summer day here in San Antonio) H

17. Clear Day

18. Atmospheric Pressure Low Pressure when air is heated, it expands, becomes less dense, and rises The water vapor the air carries may become clouds Brings unstable weather

19. Effects on weather can vary in intensity: slight breezes and cloud cover to powerful storms w/ heavy rain and high winds L

21. Factors that affect climate : Global Wind Belts Air pressure affects global wind patterns wind always flows from high to low pressure

22. Winds prevailing winds – winds that blow from the same direction most of the time doldrums – areas with no prevailing winds (area has little wind = problems for sailing ships)

24. Winds In the middle latitudes, the prevailing winds are called westerlies (flow from west to east) In the contiguous U.S., these winds carry most weather patterns and storms from the west to the east Contiguous – connecting or bordering

25. “You have won a trip to anywhere in the contiguous United States!” What places are excluded from this prize?

26. Pressure and Wind Systems

27. Earth’s Energy Balance: Winds Think of Earth as a living organism, always trying to reach a balance *winds move heat and cold across the earth’s surface

28. Factors that Affect Climate: Oceans

29. Ocean Influence Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making coastal areas milder than inland areas

30. Kansas City has much colder winters and much warmer summers than San Francisco.

32. Factors that affect climate: Ocean Currents Ocean Currents – rivers of seawater that flow in a circular path –Created by Earth’s winds, rotation, and the temperatures of the water

34. Ocean Currents Help maintain Earth’s energy balance How? Moves heat back and forth between the tropics and the polar regions Warm currents carry heated water from the tropics toward the cooler middle latitudes

35. Gulf Stream Warm current off the coast of Florida flowing north to Europe

37. Gulf Stream What North American country is along the same latitudes as Western Europe? Without the Gulf Stream, temperatures in Western Europe would be lower

38. Gulf Stream Some scientists fear that Global Warming could ultimately lead to the shutdown of the Gulf Stream Melting ice may stop the circular flow of the water = Europe will be in a mini ice-age

39. California Current Cool current Southward flowing off the west coast of the U.S. that cools the land nearby

40. California Current

41. Factors that affect climate: Mountains

42. Elevation Elevation – height on Earth’s surface above sea level An increase in elevation causes a drop in temperature –Drops 3.5 degrees F per 1,000 ft

43. Can there be snow in places that are on the equator?

44. Snow on the Equator

45. Snow near the equator

46. Mountains influence climates by… Orographic effect –Moist air pushes against a mountain –The air is forced to rise –This creates clouds and causes precipitation

47. Orographic Effect

48. Windward side: side of mountain facing the wind

49. Orographic Effect Leeward side: side of mountain facing away from the wind

50. Leeward side is called a rain shadow.

51. Let’s review Factors that affect climate: –Sun and latitude –Atmospheric Pressure –Global Wind Belts –Ocean (closeness to water and ocean currents) –Mountains

53. Warm-up: 1.What is the name of the prevailing winds in the mid-latitudes? 2. Why do coastal areas have a milder climate than inland areas? 3. What keeps Europe from being much colder than it is?

54. 1. What is the name of the prevailing winds in the mid- latitudes? 2. How does the wind affect the Earth’s energy balance? 3. Why do coastal areas have a milder climate than inland areas? 4. What keeps Europe from being much colder than it is? 5. Which side of a mountain is the dry or desert side?

55. The Greenhouse Effect The Greenhouse Effect is needed = keeps the Earth warm * Greenhouse gases = carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and nitrous oxide

56. 1.What is the temperature in Nome, Alaska compared to San Antonio, Texas? 2.What factor is causing this difference? 3.What part of the country is currently experiencing the greatest amount of heat? 4.What type of front extends across Florida?

57. Read the article: “Shading the Earth” Write a paragraph (7-10 sentences) about the following statement: What could be potential problems of creating a "sun shield"? Ideas to get you started may include cost and who pays for it.... Assignment

58. El Niño—Ocean and weather pattern in which the southeastern Pacific Ocean is warmer than usual, affecting regional climates La Niña—An ocean and weather pattern that causes the eastern Pacific Ocean to be colder than normal El Niño and La Niña

59. Normal

60. El Niño

61. El Niño: Cause and Effect Cause: –Change in the ocean’s surface temperature Effect: –Changes in weather patterns around the world

62. Cause and Effect Cause: –Atmospheric pressure north of Australia rises Effect: –Trade winds weaken

63. Cause and Effect Cause: –Trade winds weaken Effect: –Warm water flows eastward

64. Cause and Effect Cause: –Warm water flows eastward, over the cooler, nutrient-rich waters off the Peruvian coast. Effect: –Sea life suffers from lack of nutrients, fishermen cannot catch any fish.

65. 1.How many inches of rain does Manitou Springs receive in May? 2.What is the highest average temperature? 3.Is there more precipitation in the winter or summer months?

66. Happy Constitution Day! Write the Preamble to the Constitution on your warm-up sheet “We the people..”

67. Preamble to the Constitution: “We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

68. Declaration of Independence "We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness--That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed." Too Late to Apologize