1. Assignment Work: Answer Q 1abc 2ab on pg 98
4.1 Climate page 96-98
Assignment Work:
Answer Q 1abc 2ab on pg 98

2. Weather and Climate
Weather – day to day condition of Earth’s atmosphere.
Climate – average conditions over long periods.
temperature and precipitation
Microclimates – varying conditions within region.
EX: in N hemisphere – S hotter and drier

3. Factors that affect climate
Global Climate
1. Solar energy trapped in biosphere
2. Latitude
3. Transport of heat by winds and ocean currents

4. 1. Solar Energy and Greenhouse Effect
Sun strikes Earth
Some is reflected back to space or converted to heat.
Some heat radiates back to space or trapped in biosphere
Balance determines Earth’s average temperature
Gases that control in atmosphere are carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor.

5. These gases are greenhouse gases.
Greenhouse effect – allows visible light to enter but traps heat.
If more gasses – trap heat and Earth warms
If less gases – heat escapes and Earth cools.
Without them Earth would be 30 degrees C cooler.

7. 2. Latitude and Solar Energy
Equator- sun is intense
Poles – less solar energy and heat
Curvature of Earth causes same amt of solar energy to spread towards the poles.
3 zones:
Tropical , Temperate, Polar

8. 3. Heat Transport in Biosphere Winds…
Unequal distribution of heat across globe creates wind and ocean currents.
These transport heat and moisture.
Winds: Warm air is less dense and rises (equator), Cool air is more dense and sinks (poles).
Earth’s rotation causes winds to blow
west to east = temperate zones.
East to west = tropics and poles.

9. Oceans.. Ocean surface water is pushed by winds
Currents transport heat
Warm = add moisture and heat to air
Cool = cool the air
Currents affect weather and climate of nearby landmasses.
Deep ocean currents are caused by cold water near the poles sinking and flowing along ocean floor.
This water rises in warmer regions through a process called upwelling.

10. El Nino and La Nina
El Nino Weather -is the warming of water in the Pacific Ocean.
Rain and flooding along the Pacific coast
Warm water disrupts food chain of fish, birds, and sea mammals
Tornadoes and thunderstorms in southern US
Fewer than normal hurricanes in the Atlantic
La Nina Weather -is the cooling of water in the Pacific Ocean.
Snow and rain on the west coast
Unusually cold weather in Alaska
Unusually warm weather in the rest of the USA
Drought in the southwest
Higher than normal number of hurricanes in the Atlantic

11. El Nino and La Nina are the most powerful phenomenon on the earth and alter the climate across more than half the planet.
Map
In a 1998 report, scientists from NOAA explained that higher global temperatures might be increasing evaporation from land and adding moisture to the air, thus intensifying the storms and floods associated with El Niño.

12. Weather in Ohio- Great Lakes
The Great Lakes have a big influence on the climate.
Acting as a giant heat sink, the lakes moderate the temperatures of the surrounding land, cooling the summers and warming the winters.
This results in a milder climate in portions of the basin compared to other locations of similar latitude.
The lakes also act as a giant humidifier, increasing the moisture content of the air throughout the year.
In the winter, this moisture condenses as snow when it reaches the land, creating heavy snowfall in some areas, known as "snow belts" on the downwind shores of the lakes.
The shores of Lake Superior are prone to this "lake effect" snow and have recorded up to 350 inches of snow in a single year.
During the winter, the temperature of the lakes continues to drop. Ice frequently covers Lake Erie but seldom fully covers the other lakes.