1. Political Leadership Theory

2. Summary
Two types of scholars - ‘Classical Conceptions’ and ‘Historical Causation’
Classical Conceptions consider views from classical Greek to mediaeval times
Historical Causation considers views from scholars taking a view of leadership and its relation to history

3. Classical Conceptions
3 key theorists:
Aristotle
Machiavelli
Shakespeare (Henry V)

4. Aristotle Men need State and rule of law
Built on idea of ‘passionless reason’
‘Rule of the golden mean’ = balance between oligarchy (rule of the few) and democracy (rule of the many)
Plato’s concept of ‘philosopher-kings’
These are the men who should rule - they are wise, educated and benevolent

5. Aristotle
Citizens, collectively, surpassed the quality of the best statesmen, therefore citizens should make decisions about what they want and statesmen required to provide means to achieve the ends
This view of leadership has been considered idealistic since it is unlikely to be achieved in reality

6. Machiavelli Italian political philosopher (1469-1527)
No ‘virtuous statesmen’ like Aristotle (Aristotle’s statesmen had moral purpose, Machiavelli’s appeared to have this but in reality driven by power politics)
Leaders work to make public perceive them as moral and trying to lead towards common good, but in reality they just want power!
This theory has been described as being realist

7. Shakespeare’s Henry V British poet and playwright (1564-1616)
Despite not being political/historical theorist, the characterisation of leaders in his plays gives an insight into what he thought of leaders
Synthesis between Aristotle’s search for idealism and Machiavelli’s dark realism (power politics)
Politicians are good, but necessarily work within the political realm of power politics

8. Shakespeare’s Henry V
His work has been described as displaying leaders as authentic
He also includes psychological factors in his assessment, such as the importance of loss of a parent for his leaders
Freudian view of psychology (people display certain characteristics because of the way their mother/father brought them up). It should be viewed with caution because of this, but regardless of the accuracy of his psychological assessment it demonstrates his inclusion of a variety of factors in determining how leaders react to certain situations

9. Classical Conceptions summary
The relationship of these three theorists can be summarised (be aware this is a simplification) by looking at this scale:
Aristotle and Machiavelli form the extremes (idealism and realism), while Shakespeare uses a synthesis of their theories

10. Historical Causation 4 key theorists: Thomas Carlyle Leo Tolstoy
Fred Greenstein
Jon Johansson

11. Thomas Carlyle Scottish essayist and historian (1795-1881)
Wrote “Heroes and Hero-Worship”
“Great Man” theory – history is the result of great men shaping the forces of history

12. Thomas Carlyle His ‘great men’ had two characteristics:
Original insight (perception – similar to Aristotle’s philosopher-kings who had wisdom)
Sincerity
His view is somewhat idealistic (how many leaders in history display these characteristics?) but forms a coherent theoretical framework from which to analyse historical situations

13. Leo Tolstoy Russian novelist and philosopher (1828-1910)
Wrote “War and Peace”
Concept of ‘man riding on the wave of history’
No matter who the ‘leaders’ were, history was a result of all the acts of individuals, which together created an outcome
Deterministic – believed in fate and that man could not alter history (this is related to his belief in God – if interested you could do some research on his religious beliefs, dubbed Christian Anarchism)

14. Fred Greenstein
Emeritus Professor of Politics at Princeton University (1930- present)
Asks the question:
“What are the circumstances under which the actions of single individuals are likely to have greater or lesser effect on the course of events?”
Gives three interrelated points to consider in assessment of leaders, and uses the analogy of a billiard/pool table to clarify this…

15. Fred Greenstein
What is the situation/context like? E.g., maybe so many factors involved that removing one or two of them (including the leader) will still result in the same outcome
Leader’s strategic position important
Leader’s impact dependent on strengths and weaknesses of the leader (i.e. how talented, intelligent etc. is the leader? Is s/he able to manipulate the outcome to suit them?)
Can you think of real examples for each of these scenarios?

16. Fred Greenstein Comparing this to a billiard/pool table:
The situation is the set up of the balls on the table. Nothing can be done to change the initial placement of the balls
The leader’s position is compared to the cue ball (the white ball). If the leader is in a good position his/her ability to control the balls on the table is strengthened, if the leader is not then the opposite is true
The leader’s strengths and weaknesses are compared to that of the person hitting the balls. If the person is talented they are able to sink more balls, if not then, no matter how good the situation and position they are unable to utilise it effectively

17. Jon Johansson Political Science lecturer at Victoria University
His ideas are similar to Greenstein’s – that a number of factors need to be considered when assessing the importance of a leader in a specific situation

18. Historical Causation summary
Similar to the classical theorists, the relationship of these four theorists can be summarised by looking at this scale:
Carlyle and Tolstoy form the extremes, while Greenstein and Johansson provide the synthesis (which is more complex than either of the extremes)