1. Late Qing Crisis HI 168: Lecture 4 Dr. Howard Chiang

2. Empress Dowager Cixi

3. Zongli Yamen

4. The Changing Context 1861: Zongli Yamen 1864: international law 1873: foreign audience no kowtow 1876: diplomatic missions Universal empire ( 天下 ) to nation-state ( 國家 ) Western perception – Mutiny of 1857 in India -> British policy in China changed to moderation (gradual decline)

5. Sino-French War (1884-85)

6. Tributary Retraction Losing Vietnam: Sino-French War (1884-1885) -realists (Li Hongzhang) vs. pro-war faction -afterward: final phase of the “self-strengthening movement” (1885-1895) Losing Korea: Li-Ito Convention (1884) -after Japan annexed Okinawa in 1879 -Each country promised to notify the other if it was planning to send forces in the future Losing Taiwan: First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) -July 23, 1894, Japanese captured Seoul

7. Li Hongzhang

8. Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)

9. Treaty of Shimonoseki April 17, 1895: China recognizes independence of Korea China cedes to Japan Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula - Triple Intervention (Russia, Germany, and France) 200-300 million taels indemnity China is to grant Japan (replacing Britain) the most-favored-nation treatment

10. “Carving up the Chinese Mellon” Russian Interest: Russia monopolized special status in Beijing until the Treaty of Tianjin in 1860 – insisted that the Qing ceded a million square km of lands east and north of the Amur River to Russia (Maritime Province) Chinese Eastern Railway: cuts through Manchuria

11. “Carving up the Chinese Mellon” Germany: 99 yrs Qingdao & Jiaozhou Port (Mar 1898) Russia: 25 yrs Port Arthur & Dalian (Mar 1898) Russia: South Manchuria Railway Britain: 25 yrs Port of Weihai (Mar 1898) Britain: 99 yrs New Territories of Hong Kong (June 1898) France: 99 yrs Guangzhou Bay (Apr 1898)

14. Partitioning of China - Queen Victoria - William II (Germany) - Nicholas II (Russia) - French Marianne - Meiji Emperor

15. Kang Youwei The Book of Great Unity

16. Liang Qichao - ‘grouping’ - democracy - newspapers - modern intelligentsia

17. Guangxu Emperor

18. Yuan Shikai

19. Eight-Nation Force

21. The Boxer Catastrophe Context: late 19 th -c. resentment at foreign presence -gentry & local officials concerned with the rivalry of Christian missionaries -China’s economic downtown - the availability of foreign goods, the establishment of Western businesses and railways, and the circulation of foreign currency -heavy taxes levied Context: domestic natural disasters -Yellow River flooded 400 villages in Shandong -severe draught in north China -popular superstitions blamed foreign presence

22. The Boxer Catastrophe The Boxer movement: -a social explosion that emerged from a culture of poverty in north China -name taken from the martial arts “Boxing” -constituents: young farmers, laborers, unemployed drifters, and other socially marginalized individuals -3 main targets: foreigners, Chinese Christian converts, & others involved in foreign economic enterprises -1899-1900 spread to Zhili, Henan, Shanxi, and Inner Mongolia and Manchuria -lacked central leadership (unlike Taiping rebellion) -The Empress Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers!!

23. Eight-Nation Force

25. The Boxer Protocol (Sept. 1901) -Execution and punishment of officials who had participated in the war -Suspended the civil service examinations for 5 years in 45 cities -Demanded over 2 dozen forts to be demolished -Expanded legation headquarters -2-year prohibition on China’s importation of arms -Most disastrous: 450 million taels indemnity (the Qing government’s annual revenue is 88-89 million taels)