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The Age of Religious Wars History 104 / January 18, 2013.

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Presentation on theme: "The Age of Religious Wars History 104 / January 18, 2013."— Presentation transcript:

1 The Age of Religious Wars History 104 / January 18, 2013

2

3 Pope Gregory XIII decrees adoption of the Gregorian calendar (1582)

4 The reform enacted, October 1582

5 Acceptance of the Gregorian calendar in Europe

6 Philip II King of Spain, 1556- 1598

7 The iconoclast riot by Calvinists in Antwerp (1566)

8 The Duke of Alba and the “Spanish Road”

9 Alba’s forces root out Calvinists in the southern Netherlands

10 The “sea beggars” evade Alba and keep control of the northern Netherlands

11

12 Spain’s “Invincible Armada” off the coast of England, July 1588

13 The route (and rout) of the Spanish Armada

14 Frederick V, the “Winter King” King of Bohemia, 1618-1620

15 The defenestration of Prague (1618) (= tossing emissaries of the Holy Roman Empire out the window)

16 Outside the window

17

18 Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor, 1619-1637

19 The Emperor’s generals: Tilly and Wallenstein

20 Gustavus Adolphus, the “Lion of the North” King of Sweden, 1611-1632

21 Gustavus Adolphus lands in Germany (1631)

22 Velasquez, The Surrender at Breda

23 Jacques Callot, Miseries of War: The Hanging (1633)

24 Miseries of War: The Firing Squad and The Strappado

25 Plundering soldier

26 The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

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