1. THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS

2. FRANCE: CHAOS & VIOLENCE  Lack of centralized government  No control over military forces  Fractured religiously

3. THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS FRANCE: CHAOS & VIOLENCE  Religious conflict  Huguenots (French Calvinists) v. Catholics  Unable to make permanent peace St. Barthelomew’s Day Massacre, 1572

4. THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS FRANCE: CHAOS & VIOLENCE  POLITIQUES: Champions of secular power  Jean Bodin: Theory of Sovereignty  Henry of Navarre = Henry IV (r. 1589-1610) Issues EDICT OF NANTES (1598) Founds Bourbon dynasty

5. THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS FRANCE: UNIFICIATION & CENTRALIZATION  Henry IV & the rebuilding of France  “a chicken in every pot”  built up central government  laid foundations for absolutism  But assassinated in 1610 Assassination of Henry IV, 1610

6. THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS FRANCE: UNIFICATION & CENTRALIZATION  Regency of Marie de Medici, 1610-1617  Nobility & clergy force calling of Estates General  But Marie dissolves it in 1614  Not called again until French Revolution (1789)

7. THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS WAR IN THE GERMAN STATES  Disarray & decline  Increasing religious conflict  Habsburgs trying to centralize authority

8. THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS WAR IN THE GERMAN STATES  THIRTY YEARS WAR (1618-1648)  Catholics v. Protestants  Emperor v. states  International conflict

9. THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS WAR IN THE GERMAN STATES  THIRTY YEARS WAR (1618- 1648)  Conflict began in Bohemia (Czech lands)  Spread to other Protestant regions  Spain enters war to help Holy Roman Emperor Defenestration at Prague, 1618 Ferdinand II

10. THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS WAR IN THE GERMAN STATES  THIRTY YEARS WAR (1618-1648)  King of Denmark joins to support Protestants  Swedes also champion Protestant cause  Catholic France enters on Protestant side (!) Christian IV of Denmark Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden Louis XIII of France

11. THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS WAR IN THE GERMAN STATES  PEACE OF WESTPHALIA - 1648  Allowed states to chose religion  Holy Roman Empire virtually dissolved  German states gain sovereignty  Redrew map of Europe  War extremely destructive