1. CHAPTER THE CHEMICAL & MOLECULAR BASIS OF LIFE Roselyn A. Naranjo USPF, College of Pharmacy www.roselynnaranjo.vze.com roselean@gmail.com

2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To understand the nature of life & the substances involved in the process of living To differentiate between inorganic & organic compounds To explain the role of water in maintaining life To apply the knowledge of biochemical processes to commercial concepts

3. THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE Atom Molecule Compound Cell Tissue Muscle Matter

4. THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE  ELEMENT  COMPOUND  MIXTURE Composed of only one kind of atom Na Composed of two or more elements of different kinds Contains two or more substances mixed together but not chemically combined O H H Forms of Matter

5. THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - protons - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 neutrons electrons The Nucleus Composition of an ATOM

6. THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen (insert photo here) Ca, P, I, S, Fe, Zn, Na, Cl, F, Cu, K 98% 2% Elements & Compounds

7. THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE Complete transfer of electron from one atom to another Ionic Bond Na.. : :..... Cl.. : :........ :. SODIUM donated to CHLORINE Complete transfer of electrons Chemical Bonds

8. THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE Sharing of electrons between atoms Covalent Bond... HYDROGEN shared electrons to OXYGEN Sharing of electrons Sharing of electrons O HH. Polar Different atoms share an electron Chemical Bonds

9. THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE Sharing of electrons between atoms Covalent Bond : 2 OXYGEN shared electrons to form a dipolar molecule Sharing of electrons Sharing of electrons O Non-Polar Same atoms share an electron : O O2O2O2O2 Chemical Bonds

10. THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE Sharing of electrons between atoms Covalent Bond. HYDROGEN shared electrons to CARBON Sharing of electrons Sharing of electrons C Hydrogen Bonds Weakest & most important bonds in biological system. H... Chemical Bonds

11. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS All living organisms..mainly composed of.... CARBON HYDROGEN OXYGEN PHOSPHORUS NITROGEN SULFUR

12. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H O H H PROTOPLASM Composed of : Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

13. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS Carbohydrates building blocks Simple SUGARS Provides energy to the body Composed of C H O Classification MONOSACCHARIDES One sugar unit Example Glucose Fructose Galactose Grapes, blood Honey, fruits milk

14. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS Carbohydrates building blocks Simple SUGARS Provides energy to the body Composed of C H O Classification DISACCHARIDES Two sugar units Example Sucrose Maltose Lactose Table sugar Beer, milkshake,cereals, grains Milk Glucose + Fructose Glucose + Glucose Glucose + Galactose

15. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS Carbohydrates building blocks Simple SUGARS Provides energy to the body Composed of C H O Classification POLYSACCHARIDES Two or more sugar unit Example Starch Cellulose Glycogen storage form of glucose in plants Abundant material in cell wall Primary form of glucose storage in animals CHITIN – polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of crustaceans & insects

16. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS Lipids Referred as STEROIDS WAX OILS Composed of C H O CHOLESTEROL Kinds of FATS SATURATEDUNSATURATED Example Margarine Example Vegetable oil remain solid at room temperature Becomes liquid at room temperature Easily converted into cholesterol building blocks GLYCEROL

17. Easily converted into cholesterol BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS Lipids Referred as STEROIDS WAX OILS Composed of C H O CHOLESTEROL Kinds of FATS SATURATED Example Margarine building blocks GLYCEROL Accumulation of CHOLESTEROL in the walls of arteries reduces blood flow & increases blood pressure, which will result to a condition called ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

18. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS Lipids PHOSPHOLIPIDS Important compounds in cell membrane Lipids Referred as STEROIDS WAX OILS Composed of C H O CHOLESTEROL Kinds of FATS building blocks GLYCEROL

19. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS Lipids Storage molecule of energy Lipids Referred as STEROIDS WAX OILS Composed of C H O CHOLESTEROL Functions building blocks GLYCEROL Provides mechanical protection to internal organs such as the heart & visceral organs Serve as waterproof material in some plants & animals

20. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS Proteins Serve as catalyst in the body’s chemical reactions in a form of ENZYMES Body-building molecules Composed of C H O Functions building blocks AMINO ACIDS Responsible for the contraction of muscle N S P Transport Oxygen & Carbon dioxide Provides structure to different organs in the body

21. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS Proteins Protect the body against infection in a form of WBC Body-building molecules Composed of C H O Functions building blocks AMINO ACIDS N S P Give color to the skin Basic components of the cell

22. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS Proteins Example Hemoglobin BLOOD Keratin HAIR Collagen SKIN Actin & Myosin MUSCLE Hormones MOOD Catalyst CHEMICAL REACTION

23. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS Proteins Groups of PROTEINS GLOBULAR PROTEINS Forms a spherical shape FIBROUS PROTEINS Forms a long & parallel groups of protein, they are insoluble Example Red & White Blood Cells Feather, Nails, Hair, Hooves & tissues

24. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS Proteins Common SOURCES MEAT FLOUR EGG WHITE BLOOD MILK NAILS SKIN

25. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS Nucleic Acid Types of Nucleotides building blocks NUCLEOTIDES PHOSPHATE SUGAR BASE DNA Found in the nucleus of the cell; part of chromosome structure Replicates the genetic code

26. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS Nucleic Acid Types of Nucleotides building blocks NUCLEOTIDES PHOSPHATE SUGAR BASE RNA Carry te message directed by the DNA to the Ribosomes Found in the cytoplasm Involved in protein synthesis

27. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS of the LIVING ORGANISMS Vitamins Classification of Vitamins Basic food material for all living organisms Water Soluble Vitamin B-Complex & Vitamin C Vitamins A,D,E & K Promotes growth & development of tissues and prevent disease Fat Soluble Refer to Page 19 for Functions