1. NASA’s Apollo Program

2. Apollo Early Development

3. Apollo Program
NASA's Apollo project was the most spectacular and the most ambitious space exploration program on record. Apollo was also a program that advanced technology beyond any civil or military program in large part because of that daring ambition, and in part because of the heated competition in the Space Race with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Many of the underpinnings of Apollo, in fact, came from the Cold War weapons development. Significant funding for the Apollo project came from the military programs that supported the enormous national effort that has never been repeated in scope or ambition.

4. Apollo Program
Although America's interest in space exploration has not disappeared, the unifying drive behind Apollo has. Large projects like the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station have not had the same impact as the landing of the first men on the Moon. Yet these newer programs have given us astonishing technologies and advanced research that have changed our lives far more than Apollo.

5. Now called the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA
Apollo Program
Early history
Development of these first large military boosters began in the planning process for the Army’s Super-Jupiter, and the USAF's huge F-1 rocket engine
Need for large launchers was recognized even before the launch of the first satellite by the Soviets in 1957
A Department of Defense agency called the Advanced Research Projects Agency, or ARPA was created to facilitate new weapons and missile programs
Now called the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA
Directed funding to deliver a high-thrust booster for military use as quickly as possible

6. Apollo Program
Early history
ARPA mandated that a 1 million lb thrust engine be developed quickly, along with the rest of the booster, but had limited funding
Army Ballistic Missile Agency led by von Braun as head of development configured a cluster of four Jupiter engines and seven tanks taken from the already successful Redstone and Jupiter missiles
Led to the rapid development of the heavy-lift launcher called the Juno V
Juno I (Jupiter-C) and Juno V were redesignated Saturn (a step beyond Jupiter)

7. Apollo Program Early history
Convergence of ABMA’s Saturn and the Department of Defense’s large booster requirement led to the Saturn series
Saturn C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4 and the largest, the C-5
Designation later became Saturn 1 – 5
Space Race in 1957 energized the DoD, and forced President Eisenhower to respond in kind after Sputnik II

8. Apollo Program
Early history
NASA was created by Congressional Act and approved by President Eisenhower on October 1, 1958
The new NASA agency was assigned:
Civil space operation management
Civil space exploration
Collaboration with military services

9. Alternative was a space station
Apollo Program
Early history
Soon after NASA’s formation, the Space Task Group (STG) formed within NASA
NASA assigned STG to plan and develop manned missions that began with Mercury and extended quickly to Gemini and Apollo
Soviet’s first manned launch in 1961 drove the decision by Kennedy to pursue the Apollo lunar landing project
Alternative was a space station
Later became Skylab that used much of the Apollo hardware

10. Apollo Program
Early history
President Kennedy’s memo to Vice President Johnson regarding the decision to pursue a manned lunar program

11. Apollo Program
Early history
Announcement of the Apollo project was made to Congress formally by President Kennedy in May 1961
Apollo was approved by Congress in mid-1961
Assignments for NASA included integrating Mercury and Gemini to prepare for the demanding Apollo lunar missions
Supporting lunar exploration projects were also started along with the Mercury manned project
Ranger
Lunar Orbiter
Surveyor (first U.S. lunar lander)

12. Apollo Program and Hardware Development

13. Establish the technology to meet national interests in space
Apollo Program Goals
The essence of the Apollo project was a scientific exploration program, however, its roots were buried deep in the Cold War and the space race with the Soviets. Some of that motivation can be found in the initial goals set for the Apollo project.
Those goals were to:
Establish the technology to meet national interests in space
Achieve preeminence in space for the United States
Carry out a program of scientific exploration of the Moon
Develop man's capability to work in the lunar environment

14. Apollo Project Hardware
Flight & Launch Vehicles Decisions on the size and configuration of the launch and flight vehicles were based on the flight mode to the Moon 1. Earth Orbit Rendezvouz 2. Lunar Orbit Rendezvous 3. Direct Ascent

15. Apollo Flight Modes
Earth Orbit Rendezvous – Multiple vehicles assembled in Earth orbit before leaving for the Moon
Lunar Orbit Rendezvous – Separation and docking of flight hardware in lunar orbit
Direct Ascent – Huge single launcher employed without the need to place equipment in lunar orbit

16. Flight Modes to the Moon
1. Earth Orbit Rendezvous (EOR)
Small boosters could be used for multiple launches to Earth parking orbit, then assembled into a complete lunar exploration unit
Advantages:
Shorter booster development time
Less expensive boosters
Disadvantages:
Possible mission scrub for a single complication with one of the launches
Booster:
Saturn I (originally designated Saturn C-1)

17. Flight Modes to the Moon
2. Lunar Orbit Rendezvous (LOR)
Saturn V sized vehicle could place a separate crew module and lunar surface lander module in lunar orbit. Only the lander would descend to the surface and return to the orbiting crew vehicle
Advantages:
Most efficient in energy and propulsion
Single launcher
Disadvantages:
Extensive rendezvous and docking techniques and training required
Booster:
Saturn V

18. Flight Modes to the Moon
3. Direct Ascent
Very large boosters could be used for a single launch of all the needed equipment to the Moon’s surface and a return directly from the surface
Advantages:
Simple mission
Single launch
No lunar orbit
Disadvantages:
Huge booster needed that would require extensive development time
Booster: Nova

19. Apollo Flight Vehicle Evolution

20. Apollo Boosters

21. DoD had no expected need for heavy boosters
Apollo Boosters
Boosters for the new program required larger and larger lift capacity for vehicle testing and lunar launch
NASA had absorbed the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) expertise, top personnel, and some equipment
Designers included Wernher von Braun and a number of his German rocket team members
New Apollo heavy-lift rockets were the ABMA’s Saturn 1 and Saturn V that were dropped by the Department of Defense
DoD had no expected need for heavy boosters
Transfer of hardware included the USAF’s F-1 engine project

22. Apollo Boosters
Jupiter missile
Joint Army-Navy design that could be used a a surface IRBM and a submarine-launched missile
Not adopted by Navy
Used as IRBM in Europe
Ultimately used as an interplanetary launcher by NASA (Juno II)
Upgraded engine used for Saturn 1

23. Civil launcher called Juno II
Apollo Boosters
Jupiter booster was largest exploration launcher at that time ( )
Civil launcher called Juno II
Larger launchers were required for development and testing of the lunar hardware
Much larger booster were needed to put crews on the Moon and return
The decision was made to develop the newly-adopted Saturn launchers in two sizes
Saturn I (originally C-1)
Saturn V (originally C-5)

24. The USAF Atlas ICBM was not ready for flight tests
Apollo Boosters
The USAF Atlas ICBM was not ready for flight tests
USAF Titan was completed but was not capable of reaching the Moon with large payloads
Saturn V design would have to be based on new technology
Nova series were considered as an even larger lunar booster useful for a lunar landing and return with a single launcher (direct ascent)

25. Apollo Boosters

26. Apollo Boosters
Rapid development required the use of current equipment and technology for the first Saturn boosters
Redstone and Jupiter hardware were integrated into the new Saturn I (and IB) design to save money and accelerate development
Test booster used for the Mercury program was enlarged for the Apollo vehicle tests – Little Joe II

27. Crew transportation vehicle Command Module + Service Module (CSM)
Flight Mode Revisited
Final flight configuration was chosen in 1962 as Lunar Orbit Rendezvous
Separation and docking of flight hardware in lunar orbit (most efficient with a single launch)
Booster Saturn V
Crew transportation vehicle Command Module Service Module (CSM)
Lunar lander Lunar (Excursion) Module (LM)

28. Apollo Boosters

29. Apollo Boosters
Little Joe II was used for Command Module development before Saturn I was available
Designed as a larger version of Little Joe that was used for Mercury capsule aerodynamic tests

30. Saturn 1 construction at NASA’s Michoud, LA plant
Apollo Boosters
Saturn 1 construction at NASA’s Michoud, LA plant

31. Apollo Boosters – Saturn I Specs
First stage S-1
Second stage S-IV
Mass (wet)
432,681 kg (196,673 lb)
kg (22,989 lb)
Engines
Eight  H-1
Six  RL-10
Propellants
LOX & RP-1
LOX & LH2
Thrust
7.1 MN (1.6 M lbf)
400 kN
Thrust (burn) duration
150 s
482 s
Isp
288 s
410 s
Burn time
150 sec
Payload to LEO
9,000 kg (19,800 lb)

32. Saturn 1 construction at NASA Michoud, LA plant
Apollo Boosters
Saturn 1 construction at NASA Michoud, LA plant

33. Apollo Boosters – Saturn IB Specs
First stage S-1
Second stage S-IVB
Mass (wet)
454,500 kg (1,000,000 lb)
115,000 kg (253,000 lb)
Engines
Eight  H-1
One J-2
Propellants
LOX & RP-1
LOX & LH2
Thrust
7.58 MN (1.6 M lbf)
1.00 MN (225,000 lbf)
Burn time
2.5 min
7 min
Isp
288 s
421 s
Manufacturer
Douglas Aircraft Company
Paylod to LEO
18,180 kg (40,000 lb)

34. F-1 engine was the most powerful rocket engine ever built
Apollo Boosters
Saturn V was a 3-stage launcher that used entirely new designs for each stage and both types of engines
F-1 engine was the most powerful rocket engine ever built
1.5 M lb thrust (sea level)
5 used on first stage
LOX + RP-1 (refined kerosene) propellants
J-2 engines used on 2nd and 3rd stages
First production engine to use liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen
Recently became prototype for new Ares J-2X engines

35. Apollo Boosters
Saturn V first stage (S-IC)

36. Apollo Boosters – S-1C (1st stage) Specs
Height
42 m (138 ft)
Diameter
10 m (33 ft)
Mass
2,178,000 kg (4,792,000 lb)
Engines
5 F-1 engines
Thrust
33,400 kN (7,500,000 lbf)
Burn time    
150 s
Fuel    
LOX + RP-1
Manufacturer
Boeing Company

37. Apollo Boosters
Saturn V first stage (S-IC)

38. Apollo Boosters – S-II (2nd stage) Specs
Height
24.9 m (82 ft)
Diameter
10 m (33 ft)
Mass
471,400 kg (1,037,000 lb)
Engines
5 J-2 engines
Thrust
5.040 MN (1,125,000 lbf)
Burn time    
360 s
Fuel    
LOX + LH2
Manufacturer
North American Aviation

39. Apollo Boosters
Saturn V 3rd stage (S-IV B)

40. Apollo Boosters – S-IVB (3rd stage) Specs
Height
17.8 m (58.4 ft)
Diameter
6.6 m (21.7 ft)
Mass
119,100 kg (262,000 lb)
Engines
One J-2 engine
Thrust
1.01 MN (225,000 lbf)
Burn time    
480 s in (2 burns)
Fuel    
LOX + LH2
Manufacturer
Douglas Aircraft Company

41. Saturn V Instrument Unit
Apollo Boosters
Saturn V Instrument Unit

42. Apollo Boosters
Saturn V 3rd stage (S-IV B)

43. Apollo Boosters
Saturn V 3rd stage (S-IV B)

44. Apollo Flight Hardware

45. Command Module (CM) Service Module
Apollo Flight Modules
Command Module (CM)
3 crew reentry and operations module
Ablative heat shield like Mercury and Gemini
Entered Earth atmosphere at 25,000 mph
Service Module
Supplied power, communications, propulsion for CM until separation before reentry

46. Apollo Flight Modules Command Module (CM) Service Module
3 crew reentry and operations module
Ablative heat shield like Mercury and Gemini
Entered Earth atmosphere at 25,000 mph
Service Module
Supplied power, communications, propulsion for CM until separation before reentry

47. Command Module (CM) 3 crew reentry and operations module
Apollo Flight Modules
Command Module (CM)
3 crew reentry and operations module
Ablative heat shield like Mercury and Gemini
Self-contained communication, navigation, guidance, electrical power, life support, and recovery systems

48. Apollo Flight Modules
Command Module structure

49. Apollo Flight Hardware CSM, booster shroud, and Launch Escape System (LES) in launch configuration

50. Apollo CSM, booster shroud, and Launch Escape System (LES) in launch configuration

51. Apollo flight Hardware Lunar Module (LM)

52. LM - Ascent stage specifications Height:. 3. 76 m Diameter:. 4
LM - Ascent stage specifications Height: 3.76 m Diameter: 4.2 m Mass: 4,670 kg (10,300 lb) Empty weight: 2,045 kg (4,500 lb) RCS Thrusters: 16 x 446 N (100 lbf) RCS Propellants: NTO/UDMH

53. LM - Ascent stage specifications Ascent engine thrust: 15
LM - Ascent stage specifications Ascent engine thrust: kN (3,500 lbf) ΔV (ascent): 2,220 m/s SPS engine propellants: NTO/UDMH Electrical power: Two 296 A-hr silver-zinc batteries, 28 VDC AC power: 115 Vac, 400 Hz, three phase Cabin pressure: /- 0.2 psi pure oxygen

54. LM - Descent stage specifications Height:. 3. 2m Diameter:. 4
LM - Descent stage specifications Height: 3.2m Diameter: 4.2 m Mass: 10,334 kg (22,783 lb) Empty weight: 1,860 kg (4,100 lb) Descent engine thrust: kN (10,125 lbf)

55. LM - Descent stage specifications Δ V (descent):
LM - Descent stage specifications Δ V (descent): 2,470 m/s SPS engine propellant: NTO/UDMH Electrical power: Four 400 A-hr silver-zinc batteries, 28 VDC

56. Apollo Missions

57. Apollo mission designations SA X
Apollo Launches
Apollo mission designations
SA X
Saturn I development and test flights
AS 2XX
Saturn IB development, test, and mission flights
AS 5XX
Saturn V development and test, and mission flights

58. Apollo Designation Mission Type Apollo Mission A B C D E F G H I J
Unmanned tests of the launch vehicles and the Command Module B
Unmanned tests of the LM
Apollo 5 C
Manned Earth-orbit tests of the Command Module
Apollo 7 D
LM/CSM tests in Earth orbit
Apollo 9 E
Tests in high-Earth orbit
None flown F
Lunar orbit tests
Apollo 10 G
Lunar landing
Apollo 11 H
Pinpoint landings at more diverse sites
Apollo 12, 13,  14 I
Lunar orbit-only science flights J
Longer duration missions, LM design changes, addition of the Lunar Rover
Apollo 15, 16, 17
Apollo

59. Apollo-Saturn 1B Apollo Missions AS-201 26 February 1966
The Apollo-Saturn 201 (AS-201) mission was an unmanned sub-orbital flight to test the Saturn 1B launch vehicle and the Apollo Command and Service Modules. It was the first flight of the two-stage Saturn 1B.
AS August 1966
The AS 202 flight was an unmanned sub-orbital flight to test the Saturn 1B launch vehicle and the Apollo Command and Service Module.
AS July. 1966
The Apollo-Saturn AS-203 mission was an unmanned test of the second stage S-IVB and the affects of zero-g on the propellant storage and feed since the booster would have to be restarted in zero-g conditions.

60. Apollo pre-manned flights
Apollo Missions
Apollo pre-manned flights
Apollo 4 (AS-501)  9 November, This mission was the first all-up test of the three-stage Saturn V rocket that carried a payload of an Apollo Command and Service Module into Earth orbit. The mission was designed to test all aspects of the Saturn V launch vehicle.
Apollo 5 (AS-204)  22 January The unmanned Saturn/Apollo 5 was the first test flight of the Lunar Module (LM). Mission objectives were to verify the ascent and descent stages, the propulsion systems, and the restart operations.
Apollo 6 (AS-502)  4 April The unmanned Apollo 6 mission was designed as the final qualification of the Saturn V launch vehicle and the CSM for manned Apollo missions

61. Apollo 7 (AS-205) 11 October, 1968 Apollo Missions
This was the first manned Apollo flight that was made in the Apollo Command and Service Module. Apollo 7 spent more time in space than all the Soviet space flights combined at that time.
Firsts made on this flight included
First U.S. three man mission
First flight of Block II Apollo CSM spacecraft
First flight of the Apollo space suits
First flight with full crew support equipment
First live national TV from space during a manned space flight
Mission duration: 10 days 20 hours

62. Apollo 8 (AS-503) Apollo Missions 21 December, 1968
This was the first manned test of Saturn V vehicle and the first time man had left Earth's gravity. Apollo 8 orbited the Moon 10 times before returning to Earth
Mission firsts included:
First manned flight on the Saturn V rocket
First humans to reach the Earth's Moon
First pictures of Earth from deep space
New world speed record: 24,200 mph (38,938 km/hr)
First live TV coverage of the lunar surface
Total elapsed time was 147 h 59 m 49 s

63. Apollo 9 (AS-504) 3 March, 1969 Apollo Missions
This was the first complete manned test of lunar hardware in Earth orbit. The Apollo 9 launch was the first Saturn V/Apollo Spacecraft in full lunar mission configuration and carried the largest payload placed in orbit
Lunar Module - Spider; Command and Service Module - Gumdrop
The first mission in which the use of names for spacecraft was again authorized
First test of LM in space
First test of Portable Life Support System in space
Rendezvous and docking after 6 hour and 113 mile separation in space
Mission duration: 10 days 01 hour 53 seconds, (241 hr 53 sec)

64. Apollo 10 (AS-505) 18 May 1969 Apollo Missions
This was the first manned test of lunar hardware at the Moon. The lunar rendezvous included a deorbit flight of the LM. On the fifth day of the mission, Astronauts Thomas Stafford and Eugene Cernan descended in the lunar module to an altitude of less than 47,000 feet (14,326 meters) from the lunar surface. At this altitude, two passes were made over the future Apollo 11 landing site.
Lunar Module - Snoopy ; Command and Service Module - Charlie Brown
Demonstration of color TV camera
The eight-day, lunar orbit mission marked the first time the complete Apollo spacecraft had operated around the Moon and the second manned flight for the Lunar Module
Two Apollo 10 astronauts descended to within eight nautical miles of the Moon's surface, the closest approach ever to another celestial body
All aspects of Apollo 10 duplicated conditions of the lunar landing mission as closely as possible
Mission Duration: approximately 8 days hours 3 minutes 23 seconds

65. Apollo 11 (AS-506) July 16, 1969 Apollo Missions
This was the first lunar landing mission - included crew members Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin
Lunar Module – Eagle, Command and Service Module - Columbia
The prime mission objective of Apollo 11 was stated simply: "Perform a manned lunar landing and return"
First return of samples from another planetary body
Surface experiments and samples included:
Solar Wind Composition (SWC) experiment
Panoramic photographs of the region near the landing site and the lunar horizon
Closeup photographs of in place lunar surface material
Deployment of a Laser-Ranging Retroreflector (LRRR)
Deployment of the Passive Seismic Experiment Package (PSEP)
Collection of two core-tube samples of the lunar surface
Lunar ascent was 21 hours and 36 minutes after the lunar landing
Mission Duration: approximately 8 days hr 18 min 35 sec.
Moon rock sample mass returned: kg
Landing site: Mare Tranquillitatis (Sea of Tranquility)

66. Apollo 12 (AS-507) November 14, 1969 Apollo Missions
The Apollo 12 mission was the second manned lunar landing mission. Its objective was to perform detailed scientific lunar exploration
Lunar Module – Intrepid, Command and Service Module - Yankee Clipper
Primary objectives included:
Perform inspection, survey and sampling in lunar mare area
Deploy an Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package (ALSEP)
Develop techniques for a point landing capability
Develop capability to work in the lunar environment
Obtain photographs of candidate exploration sites Secondary objective was to the retrieve portions of the Surveyor III spacecraft
Mission Duration: approximately 10 days hr 36 min 24 sec
Moon rock sample mass returned: 34.4 kg
Landing site: Oceanus Procellarum (Sea of Storms)

67. Apollo 13 (AS-508) April 11, 1970 Apollo Missions
The Apollo 13 flight was planned as a lunar landing mission but was aborted en route to the Moon after about 56 hours of flight due to loss of service module cryogenic oxygen and the consequent loss of capability to generate electrical power, to provide oxygen and to produce water
Lunar Module – Aquarius, Command and Service Module - Odyssey
First aborted Apollo Mission
First impact of the S-IVB/IU on the lunar surface - used to measure seismic data (S-IVB normally burns up in Earth's atmosphere on return trajectory)
Use of Lunar Module to provide emergency propulsion and life support after loss of service module system
Mission Duration: approximately 6 days hours 54 minutes 41 seconds

68. Apollo 14 (AS-509) January 31, 1971 Apollo Missions
The third flight to the Moon
Lunar Module – Antares, Command and Service Module - Kitty Hawk
The Apollo 14 landing site is the same site selected for the aborted Apollo 13 mission in the Frau Mauro highlands
Mission Duration: approximately 9 days
216 hr 1 min 58 sec
Moon rock sample mass returned: kg

69. Apollo 15 (AS-510) July 26, 1971 Apollo Missions
Lunar Module – Falcon, Command and Service Module - Endeavor
First mission with a lunar roving vehicle (LRV) that could transport two astronauts
Duration of lunar stay: 66 hr 54 min 53 sec.
First launch of a sub satellite in lunar orbit
Mission duration: approximately 12 days
295 hr 11 min 53 sec
Moon rock sample mass returned: kg
Landing site: Hadley Rille - Apennine region

70. Apollo 16 (AS-511) April 16, 1972 Apollo Missions
The successful Apollo 16 manned lunar landing mission was the second in a series of three science-oriented J series missions planned for the Apollo program
Lunar Module – Orion, Command and Service Module - Casper
First uses of the Moon as an astronomical observatory
Mission duration: approximately 11 days
265 hr 51 min 5 sec
Moon rock sample mass: kg
Landing site: Descartes

71. Apollo Missions Apollo 17 (AS-512) December 7, 1972
Apollo 17 was the last manned lunar landing mission and the last in a series of three J-type missions. Harrison Schmitt , a geologist, was the only scientist to go to the Moon
Lunar Module – Challenger, Command and Service Module - America
First geologist on lunar surface
Longest LRV traversed on a single EVA
Greatest lunar sample mass returned to Earth kg
Mission duration: approximately 13 days
301 hr 51 min 59 sec
Landing site: Taurus-Littrow

72. Cancelled Missions

73. Apollo
Apollo 18, 19, 20
Planning in the Apollo program called for contract commitments for vehicles and equipment, especially for the expensive launch and flight vehicles; the CSM, LM, Saturn V, and Saturn IB
The original contract for 15 flight-qualified Saturn V vehicles permitted test and validation flight, plus ten manned lunar missions
As the program entered the first series of successful lunar landings in 1969, budget pressures and waning public interest forced the cancellation of the last three of the vehicle sets
These three were assigned to the last Apollo missions 18, 19, and 20

74. NASA's cancellation of the last three missions was not all at once
Apollo 18, 19, 20
NASA's cancellation of the last three missions was not all at once
Apollo 20 was cancelled in January 1970
Flights planned for Apollo 15 and Apollo 19 were cancelled in September, 1970
Remaining missions were then renumbered 15 through 17
Landing sites and crews were reshuffled and after the Apollo 13
Exploration of the Tycho and Copernicus crater regions were dropped

75. Saturn V used for Skylab space station core
Apollo 18, 19, 20
NASA's cancellation of the last three missions left hardware to use in other programs (Skylab, ASTP) and for display
Saturn V used for Skylab space station core
Saturn V on display at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor’s Complex
Saturn V on display at the Johnson Space Center
3 Saturn IB boosters used for Skylab crew flights
1 Saturn IB used for Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)

76. Questions?