1. Reconstruction 1863-77

2. I. The “Unfinished” Revolution

3. A. Was Reconstruction Revolutionary? 1. No - whites kept most property; caste system maintained 2. Yes - Constitutional changes; emancipation; groundwork for the future

4. B. Contemporary Views 1. Lincoln - states had never left - quick as possible 2. Radicals - “foreign” territory - great, historic opportunity

5. C. Challenge of the Aftermath 1. Loss of manpower - 600 K; ¼ of military-age Southerners 2. Total War 3. Problem of “freedom” - freed people nowhere to go

6. Competing Plans for Reconstructing the South

7. A. Presidential 1863-67 1. Pardons for most 2. Oath-takers could vote - elites back in power 3. Ratification of 13 th Amendment

8. 4. Black Codes - economic rationale - maintain hierarchy - tolerated by moderates

9. B. Congressional / Radical Reconstruction 1. Waving the “bloody shirt” From the beginning of our history the country has been afflicted with compromise. It is by compromise that human rights have been abandoned. - Charles Sumner

10. 2. Expansion of Federal Power - Civil Rights Act of 1866 - Freedmen’s Bureau 1865 - 14 th Amendment 1866 Dual Citizenship

11. Review Sessions for Final Exam Thursday April 26, 3:30 P.M. - HUMB 360 Friday April 27, 1:00 - ? Picklefish Monday April 30, 7:30 P.M. - HUMB 360 & by appointment

12. III. Reconstruction and Constitutional Crisis

13. A. Andrew Johnson 1. Inferiority complex 2. Opposition to reform 3. Struggle with Congress - Tenure of Office Act

14. B. Congress takes control 1. Southern military districts

15. 2. Redefined voting rights 3. Ratification of 14 th Amendment Section. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States…

16. IV. Reform and Its Limits

17. A. Land distribution 1. “40 acres and a mule” - Sherman’s order - 1880, 20% freed land owners 2. Opposition to land re-distribution

18. 3. Rise of sharecropping - 1880: 10% own 60% of land - white and black sharecroppers

19. B. Racial Radicalism 1. Terrorism - Ku Klux Klan 1866 - lynching 2. Stereotypes - violent - sexual - commercial

20. C. Politics 1. Voting rights - 15 th Amendment 1870 - “Party of Lincoln” 1932 2. Redemption

21. D. Constitutional changes 1. Amendments - 13 th 1865 - 14 th 1866 - 15 th 1870 2. Basis of “3 rd ” American Revolution - Civil Rights, 1950s-60s

22. E. Social Relations 1. White men - “extra” legal caste system 2. Class antagonism - Populism 1880s+ - Tom Watson

23. 3. Black men - legally free - “manhood” = own land; marry; protect family; military service - antagonism reflects psychological shift

24. 4. White women - “pedestal to politics” - construction of the Lost Cause Myth

25. 5. Black women - “Aren’t I a Woman?” Sojourner Truth - double burden 19 th century ideals conflicted with economic reality Church; education

26. V. End of the Experiment 1. Westward Expansion - 1876 Little Big Horn - Plains Culture 1866-90 2. Republican corruption - Crèdit Mobilier 1872 - Whiskey Ring 1875

27. 3. Northern Democrats rebound - immigration - labor movement 4. Election of 1876