1. Swine diseases

2. Coccidiosis confinement rearing and continuous farrowing
Isospora suis (most common)
Eimeria
carrier sows – source of oocyts
piglets 5 days old to weaning

3. Coccidiosis Clinical signs Morbidity is high but mortality is
yellow to clear, pasty to watery diarrhea (7-10 days)
Dehydration
rough hair coat
failure to gain weight
no blood
acidic feces (in contrast
to E. coli)
Morbidity is high
but mortality is
variable, often moderate

4. Coccidiosis cont... Diagnosis
Diarrheas in pigs <7days old are not Isospora!
Necropsy - fibrinonecrotic enteritis
Histopathology - oocysts, merozoites
Fecal flotation can be falsely negative
Treatment
Adding coccidiostats to feed is ILLEGAL
amprolium to piglets
Control - disinfection of farrowing area:
Strong bleach or ammonium compounds
Between farrowings, steam cleaning
Installation of perforated metal or plastic flooring in the crates will be beneficial in the control of coccidiosis

5. Coccidiosis
lower jejunum and ileum.

6. Rota virus Reovirus Almost all pigs are infected: species specific
Diarrhea in nursing and postweaned pigs
Diarrhea appears, usually white to yellow in color
moderate dehydration
Vomiting occurs but is not a major clinical sign
Morbidity is variable but mortality usually is low or none when good housing and husbandry is present.

7. Rota virus Diagnosis - difficult Necropsy-thin walled small intestine
Histopathology
Flourescent antibody test
Electron microscopy

8. Rota virus cont... Treatment Control Dextrose and fluids
Antimicrobials for concurrent infections
E. coli
Isospora
Control
Rotaviruses are very stable in the environment: formaldehyde and chlorine-based disinfectants including chlorox
Wean pigs on good nutritional diet
MLV vaccine at 7 and 21 days (in water) and also for dams

9. Dont forget Salmonella
Salmonella typhimurium
Salmonella cholerasuis
Fibrinonecrotic enteritis or colitis at necropsy
Rectal strictures
Culture of organism

10. Swine dysentery
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae: Gram-negative, anaerobic spirochete
Brachyspira (Serpulina) pilosicoli (similar but less severe c.s.)
Grower / finishers (not in < 3 weeks)
Mortality can be up to 30%
lagoon water: two months, moist feces: two months, soil: 18 days
Transmission: fecal-oral and fomites, rats, birds

11. Swine dysentery Clinical signs
diarrhea : with gray to yellow, mucoid feces
watery, bloody, mucoid
most recover in 2 weeks but 50% may die
Dehydrated: sunken eyes, marked weakness, hollow flanks and weight loss
Large intestine/cecum
SD is a severe disease affecting the colon (large intestine) of pigs causing diarrhoea, frequently mixed with mucus and blood, which can lead to death.

12. Swine dysentery

13. Swine dysentery cont... Diagnosis Treatment Control
Necropsy - mucohemorrhagic colitis
histopathology
Spiral shaped organism on
dark field microscopy
Culture is definitive
Treatment
carbadox, lincomycin (water) and tiamulin
Control
Quarantine: 30 – 60 days
medicated water, depopulation, close herd
vaccine only reduces clinical signs

14. Proliferative enteropathy
Lawsonia intracellulare
Bent, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria
proliferative illeitis, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome
Large intestine: hyperplasia of crypt enterocytes with inflammation and sometimes ulceration or hemorrhage
hamsters, ferrets, guinea pigs, foxes, horses, lambs, rabbits, rats, dogs, white-tailed deer, emus

15. Proliferative enteropathy
Weanlings and older
Clinical signs
Acute diarrhea with brownish to black unclotted blood
pallor, weakness, and rapid death are common;
Subacute to chronic cases occur more frequently in the grower stages
sporadic diarrhea, wasting, and variation in growth rate
lesions often include necrotic enteritis and can be easily confused with salmonellosis.
anemia (think gastric ulcer first)
Morbidity and mortality with either presentation is variable

16. Proliferative enteropathy cont...
Diagnosis
Necropsy - “garden hose” ilium and colon
can be hemorrhagic or fibrinonecrotic
Histopathology - intracellular, silver positive
DNA probes
Treatment and control
No specific treatment
Reduce stress
Medicate feed - tylosin, tetracyclines, lincomycin, tiamulin, and carbadox
Live vaccine in water

17. Proliferative illeitis

18. Whipworms
Trichuris suis
pasture
2-6 months of age
Large intestine

19. Whipworms Clinical signs
Anorexia
mucoid or mucohemorrhagic diarrhea
dehydration, and possibly death of
severely affected animals
anemia (2 DDX?)
Diagnosis - fecal float, fibrinnecrotic colitis
Control – dichlorvos, levamisole and fenbendazole

20. Whipworms

21. Agent
Common name
Products
Piperazine
Pyrantel
Avermectins
Levamisole
Dichlorvos
Fenbendazole
Stephanurus dentatus
Kidneyworm - +
Haematopinus suis
Lice
Metastrongylus spp.
Lungworm
Sarcoptes scabiei
Mange mite
Oesophagostomum spp.
Nodular worm
Ascaris suum
Roundworm
Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
Thorny-headed worm
Stronglyloides ransomi
Threadworm
Trichuris suis
Whipworm

22. Don’t forget Salmonella!
Salmonella typhimurium
Salmonella cholersuis
associated with rectal strictures?
Can be large intestine
Fibrinonecrotic colitis
Rectal strictures
Culture

23. Parasites of pigs Trichuris suis - colon
Ascaris suum - small intestine, milk spots
Stephanurus edentatus - kidney
Macrocanthorynchus hirudinaceous -small intestine

24. Neurological diseases
Hypoglycemia
Streptococcus suis: Gram-positive
Salt poisoning
Edema disease

25. Hypoglycemia Newborn piglets
Blood glucose <50mg/dL may develop signs
Clinical signs
convulsions
shivering
hypothermia
gait abnormalities

26. Hypoglycemia cont... Diagnosis Treatment Control Blood glucose
Empty stomach
Treatment
20ml/kg 5% dextrose, warm fluids
Control
make sure the milk is flowing

27. Salt poisoning
Usually due to water deprivation rather than too much Na
Causes hyperosmalarity of CNS resulting in swelling and edema
Clinical signs
thirst, constipation
depression, blindness, convulsions

28. Salt poisoning cont... Diagnosis Treatment Control History
Clinical pathology-eosinopenia, hypernatremia
Histopathology - eosinophilic meningitis
Treatment
None
Control
provide free access to water
reduce salt in diet

29. Musculoskeletal diseases
Arthritis
S. suis, Erysipelothrix, A. pyogenes
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
Myodegenerative disease
Malignant hyperthermia (PSE)
White muscle disease

30. Suppurative arthritis
Streptococcus suis: gram positive
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: gram positive rod
Actinomyces pyogenes
May see loss of cartilage
Due to fighting, surgical contamination
Distended joints, abscesses
Penicillin - treatment often no good

31. Suppurative arthritis

32. Mycoplasmal arthritis
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
4-12 weeks of age
acute or chronic lameness
non-suppurative arthritis/synovitis
edema of synovial tissue
Lincomysin to treat

33. Mycoplasmal arthritis

34. Reproductive disease Parvovirus Leptospirosis: gram - spirochete
PRRS: Arterivirus
Brucellosis: gram negative

35. Porcine parvovirus 100% prevalence: endemic Important signs
large numbers of mummified fetuses
increase in the number of returns to estrus
small litters
failures to farrow, decreased farrowing rate,
rarely abortion
Transmission: secretions, oro-nasal, transplacental
Poor conception rates, reabsorbed litters, mummies and small litters

36. Porcine parvovirus Transient leukopenia
Signs depend on time of infection
<30days - embryo resorbed
30-70days - mummy
>70days - dead or weak, survive normally
no other signs of illness
SMEDI - stillbirth, mummy, embryonic death, infertility
Diagnosis - detection of virus in mummy by immunofluorescence or by rising titer

37. Parvo - SMEDI

38. Porcine parvovirus cont...
Control
Resistant to environmental degradation and many disinfectants
Natural infection of gilts before breeding
Commingle gilts with sows
Grind up mummies and feed to gilts
Vaccination!
Killed vaccine: breeding animals
may still get some losses

39. Leptospirosis Leptospirosis Zoonosis
Leptospira interrogans (serovars pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, and bratislava)
Leptospira borgpetersenii (serovars sejroe and tarassovi)
Leptospira kirschneri (serovar grippotyphosa)
serovar L. hardjo :bovines and has been reported to infect pigs in close proximity
Zoonosis

40. Leptospirosis CS
Adult: mild fever and inappetence for a few days, last trimester abortion, stillbirths, weak litters,
Piglets: fever, anorexia, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, icterus, convulsions in occasional pigs and a failure to grow and gain weight and sudden mortality in piglets
Placentitis

41. Leptospirosis Diagnosis Culture difficult
Dark field microscopy of fetal fluids, urine
Serology (<1:800)
Necropsy: interstitial nephritis or generalized kidney scarring which may only be noticed at slaughter as “white- spotted kidneys

42. Leptospirosis cont... Treatment Control
Chlortetracycline in feed/ oxytetracycline, tylosin, and erythromycin
Control
Vaccination
Gilts twice before first breeding
Sows before every breeding
Rodent control

43. PRRS Porcine reproductive/respiratory syndrome Premature farrowing
Arterivirus
Premature farrowing
Small weak piglets or stillborns
increased numbers of mummies
Delayed or abnormal estrus
Serology to diagnose
Vaccination for prevention
Abortions, mummies and weak pigs

44. Brucellosis Brucella suis: gram negative Zoonotic
Ist agent to be weaponized by US ~ 1950
Rare in US
A cooperative, 3-stage, State-Federal-Industry eradication program was initiated with a goal of eradication of brucellosis.
Goal is nearly accomplished in domestic herds, but feral swine remain a reservoir in the US.

45. Brucellosis Transmission: direct contact Clinical signs Lesions
ingesting aborted fetuses, fetal membranes or fluids discharged at the time of abortion
Clinical signs
abortion at any time in gestation
infertility - many sows coming back into heat (abortions in first trimester)
infected sows recover and deliver normally
Lesions
mild endometritis
arthritis
orchitis

46. Brucellosis
Lesions in the uterus of a pig caused by B. suis

47. Brucellosis cont... Diagnosis Treatment and control
The buffered, acidified plate antigen (BAPA) test and the standard card test (SCT) have been used extensively as presumptive test
confirmation, either the standard tube test (STT) or the particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (PCFIA)
Culture: most accurate
Treatment and control
Test and slaughter (depopulate ~ 2-3 months)

48. Abortions/stillbirths
Parvo virus
PRRS
Pseudorabies
Lepto

49. References
imal_dis_spec/swine/
n/ncporkconf/2002/roberts.htm
Erysipelas/erysipelasindex.html
vdpam-employees/food-supply-veterinary- medicine/swine/swine- diseases/haemophilus-parasuis-
opsy-cases/

50. References
/figad015_ing.htm
ease.php?name=influenza&lang=en
o_home.htm
x.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/51205.htm&word=leptos pirosis%2Cin%2Cpigs