1. Unit 8: Respiratory Diseases

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Pasteurellosis
Affects cattle, sheep, swine
Cause
Various Pasteurella spcs.
Responsible for shipping fever, pneumonia, etc.
Livestock can become extremely sick and septic

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Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex
Involves bacteria, environmental, and viral factors
Can affect upper and/or lower respiratory tract
Cause
Often seen after significant period of stress
Weaning, commingling, shipping, parturition, etc.
Morbidity can be >50%, mortality >10%
Can be caused by one agent, or several in combination

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Causative agents
IBR
Fever
Interferes w/ antibody function
BVD
immunosuppression
BRSV
Colonization of lung tissue
PI3

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Pasteurella spcs. & Haemophilus spcs.
Clinical Signs
5-10d
Usual morbidity outbreak ~20%
May be closer to 40% if body temps are monitored
Mortality may be 5% through the outbreak
Temp of 104° or higher
Eye and nasal discharge
Increased respiration rate and distress
Can have permanent damage to respiratory mucosa

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Prevention
Reduce stress
Don’t multiply stressful operations
Increase immunity
Vaccinate before stress period
Factors to consider
Animal age
Younger animals may not respond to vaccinations as well due to colostrum immunity
Nutritional status

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May use live or killed vaccines, depending on situation
Treatment
May mass treat group w/ antibiotics before clinical signs
Penicillins, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, etc.
Many are IM, or SQ
May add a fever reducer

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Cause
Viral infection of the respiratory tract
Spread by airborne transmission, or contact w/ infected animals, contaminated feed/water, equipment, shoes, clothes
Usually appears shortly after stress
Clinical signs
Gaunt
Depressed

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Snotty nose
Cough
Temp
Prevention
Vaccination
Both for this and IBR
Provides cross immunity to other respiratory problems

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Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
Acute viral infection of respiratory and reproductive tract
Cause
Herpes related virus
Can be found in respiratory, reproductive, eye, brain areas
Also in aborted fetus of infected dams

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Spread by:
Contact w/ infected animals
Air
Contaminated equipment, carriers, etc.
Incubation time ~20d
Clinical Signs
Respiratory Form
Incubation 2-14d
Gaunt, depression, high fever, snotty nose
White, stringy nasal discharge

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Course of disease is about 5 - 7d
Severe drop in milk production
Reproductive Tract
Known as IPV
Pustules that will become ulcerated within the vagina, or on male reproductive tract
Abortion & Neonatal Disease
Abortion 3-5 wks after infection of IBR
Abortion rate may be 25%
>5.5 mos pg may be >60%

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Prevention
Vaccination
Same basic program as PI3
Tuberculosis
Chronic infectious disease
Can affect, cattle, swine, & humans

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Cause
3 types are infectious
All Mycobacterium spcs
Spread by air, contaminated feed/water
Clinical Signs
Spread is rare, but rapid
May be expressed in the respiratory or mammary gland
Swine usually slaughtered before disease can manifest

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Prevention
No recommended vaccine
Test positive animals are slaughtered
Treatment
No treatment options
Strangles
Bacterial disease
Inhibits breathing by lymph node swelling, nasal discharges
Affects horses

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Cause
Contagious disease of upper respiratory tract
Spreads by contact w/ infected horses and/or environmental contamination
Young horses most susceptible (<5 yrs old)
Most common in training or boarding stables where many horses come and go
Clinical Signs
High fever
Watery to yellow nasal discharge

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Swelling of lymph nodes under jaw & throat
May abscess and drain in 7-14d
Prevention
Quarantine of new animals 4-6 wks
Vaccination
Recovered horses can still shed
Treatment
Isolation
Soft, palatable feed to keep up energy

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Antibiotics
Flushing/draining of abscesses
Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex
Experienced by virtually every swine producer
Viral, bacterial, parasitic, causes
Included pathogens (12 known)
Pseudorabies
Haemophilus
Swine Influenza virus
Mycoplasma

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Clinical Signs
Detection is difficult
Eye, ear, nasal discharge, sneezing
Cough, increased respiration rate
Loss of appetite
Increased cull rate
Contributing Factors
Environmental and management factors can influence

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All-in/all-out has helped to decrease
Thermal
Maintain proper temp zone, not too hot or cold
Gases
Excess ammonia concentration allows for deep penetration of inhaled particles into the lungs
Moisture
Avoid excessive moisture
Particles
Feed dust and animal dander is a common disease carrier

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Microorganisms
Minimize incubation and multiplication of disease-causing pathogens
Cause effectively decrease rates of gain
Increases other disease susceptibility