1. Foreign Policy

2. To what extent should foreign policy promote internationalism?
Foreign policy can take on different ideas as to the extent it influences or promotes internationalism.
We will examine:
Multilateralism
Peacekeeping
Foreign Aid
Supranationalism
International laws and agreements

3. Multilateralism
Multilateralism is a term that refers to multiple countries working together on a given issue.
Example: United Nations, World Trade Organization
Traditionally advocated by the “middle powers” such as Canada, Australia, and Switzerland in an attempt to affect change together
Larger powers (United States) often act unilaterally because they have the power to do so
There is also bilateral action, in which two states act together

4. Multilateralism in Canadian Foreign Policy
Traditionally the favored approach, although Canada has bilateral relations with the United States
Multilateralism in Canada seeks to attain the following goals:
Advance democracy through good governance, human rights protection and respect for diversity
Support more effective sustainable development strategies
Strengthen international development, including health policy coordination
Streamline and modernize multilateral diplomacy for greater effectiveness

5. Why Multilateralism?
Canada has a vested interest in keeping relationships with other countries because of certain economic interests of the country
Ex. Oil Sands
What does being a global energy “player” mean for Canada’s future?
How might this affect Canada’s foreign policy?

6. Why Multilateralism? What impacts might this policy have on Canadians?
Ex. Environmental commitments
What types of things may threaten this venture in the future?
Ex. Tariffs on “dirty” oil

7. Peacekeeping A way to help countries create a sustainable peace
Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson is credited with his efforts to create a “peacekeeping” force in the 1950’s. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to maintain global peace.
Canada, is obviously seen as a leader in peacekeeping operations, and is often at the forefront of such missions
Ex. Rwanda, Bosnia, Afghanistan

8. Peacekeeping Peacekeeping vs. Peacemaking
Peacekeeping is to ensure a lasting peace with a military presence to observe peace processes
Peacemaking is active military intervention to cause peace
The line has continually blurred throughout Canada’s involvement in various conflicts
Does international intervention actually bring/cause peace?

9. Foreign Aid
Many governments work together to improve the quality of life of people in developing nations
Some issues they are confronting are poverty, human rights violations, AIDS, and other health concerns.
Canada’s goal for the last 40 years has been to donate 0.7 percent of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to foreign aid
As of 2005, they are donating 0.28 percent of the GDP
Some of these are ongoing issues, and some are on a disaster specific basis.

10. Canadian Foreign Aid Example
Tsunami 2004
In a multinational effort, the world gave over $7 billion to governments and NGOs in an effort to provide aid
Canada’s effort included:
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) committed $280 million in rebuilding efforts
Canadian Space Agency shared satellite images of the disaster area
Citizenship and Immigration (CIC) expedited the immigration of over 350 people from the disaster region to be reunited with family
Department of finance put a moratorium on debts from affected nations
Department of National Defence sent Canadian forces Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART)

11. Supranationalism Organizations: Law and Treaties United Nations
African Union
World Trade Organization
Law and Treaties
International Law
Ex. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS); water boundaries, fishing rights, etc.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); multinational military treaty
North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD); military treaty between Canada and USA

12. International Organizations, Laws and Treaties