1. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Chapter 13.2

2. GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic Engineering:
Involves cutting (cleaving) DNA from one organism into small fragments and inserting it into a host organism of the same or different species
Also known as recombinant DNA:
Made by connecting, or recombining, fragments of DNA from different species

3. Transgenic Organisms Contain Recombinant DNA
Plants/animals that contain recombinant DNA from an organism of a different genus (species)
Organism that contains “foreign” DNA
Glowing tobacco plant

4. Transgenic Organisms Contain Recombinant DNA
To create a transgenic organism requires 3 steps
Isolate the foreign DNA to be inserted using a “restriction enzyme”
Attach the DNA fragment to a “carrier”
Transfer DNA fragment via carrier into the host organism

5. Transgenic Organisms Contain Recombinant DNA
Restriction Enzyme:
Bacterial proteins that cut both strands of DNA at a specific sequence (PALINDROME!!!)
PALINDROME: where 2 strands read the same, but in opposite directions
Most restriction enzymes cut short fragments of DNA and leave “sticky ends” so that the fragment will be attracted to other DNA

6. STICKY ENDS! THE KEY TO RESTRICTION ENZYMES

7. Transgenic Organisms Contain Recombinant DNA
Vectors Transfer DNA (“the carrier”)
Vector is a means by which foreign DNA can be carried into the host cell
Usually a bacterial cell/bacterial DNA
Biological Vectors
Viruses and plasmids
Mechanical Vectors
Microscopic metal bullet shot from a gene gun
micropipette

9. Plasmids and Bacterial Cells Produce Copies of DNA
Clones:
Genetically identical copies of recombinant DNA
Also known as a “gene clone”
Now, the bacterial cell starts to produce whatever protein that the recombinant DNA coded for
Human Growth Hormone
Human Insulin

10. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Method used to replicate DNA outside a host cell
Uses heat to separate DNA strands
Makes millions of copies in less than a day

11. Sequencing DNA DNA Fingerprinting/Gel Electrophoresis
Method used by scientists to determine DNA sequences of individuals
Strands are separated into fragments and then separated based on size

13. Applications of DNA Technology
Used in industry
Blue jean dyes
Cheese, laundry detergent, sewage treatment
Used in Medicine
Treat human diseases, human growth hormone, human antibodies
INSULIN PRODUCTION
Used in Agriculture
Better tasting, stay fresh longer, protected from disease