1. PASSIVE & CAUSATIVE IN ENGLISH

2. Study the example…
This house was built in (“was built” is passive). Compare active and passive:
Somebody built this house in (active)
(object to subject)
This house was built in (passive)

3. We use an ACTIVE VERB to say what the subject does:
My grandfather was a builder. He built this house in 1930.
It’s a big company. It employs two hundred people.
We use a PASSIVE VERB to say what happens to the subject:
This house is quite old. It was built in 1930.
Two hundred people are employed by the company.

4. If we want to say who does or what causes the action, we use by…:
When we use the passive, who or what causes the action is often unknown or unimportant:
A lot of money was stolen in the robbery.
Is this room cleaned every day?
If we want to say who does or what causes the action, we use by…:
This house was built by my grandfather.
Two hundred people are employed by the company.

5. Somebody cleans this room every day This room is cleaned every day
PASSIVE FORMS
Present simple (affirmative)
Somebody cleans this room every day
This room is cleaned every day
Careless driving causes many accidents
Many accidents are caused by careless driving

6. PASSIVE FORMS Present simple (negative)
Somebody does not clean this room every day
This room is not cleaned every day
People don’t use this road very often
This road is not used very often

7. PASSIVE FORMS Present simple (interrogative)
Does anybody clean this room every day?
Is this room cleaned every day?
How do people learn languages?
How are languages learnt?

8. Somebody cleaned this room yesterday This room was cleaned yesterday
PASSIVE FORMS
Past simple (affirmative)
Somebody cleaned this room yesterday
This room was cleaned yesterday
They cancelled all flights because of fog
All flights were cancelled because of fog

9. She did not write a story A story was not written (by her)
PASSIVE FORMS
Past simple (negative)
She did not write a story
A story was not written (by her)
They didn’t invite Sally to the party
Sally was not invited to the party

10. PASSIVE FORMS Past simple (interrogative)
Did Matt bring the ingredients?
Were the ingredients brought (by Matt)?
Did you wash the car before the trip?
Was the car washed before the trip?

11. Somebody will clean the room later The room will be cleaned later
PASSIVE FORMS
Future simple (affirmative)
Somebody will clean the room later
The room will be cleaned later
We will sell all our books
All our books will be sold

12. Somebody is cleaning the room The room is being cleaned
PASSIVE FORMS
Present continuous (affirmative)
Somebody is cleaning the room
The room is being cleaned
John is watering the plants
The plants are being watered (by John)

13. Somebody was cleaning the room The room was being cleaned
PASSIVE FORMS
Past continuous (affirmative)
Somebody was cleaning the room
The room was being cleaned
My mother was baking a cake
A cake was being baked (by my mother)

14. PASSIVE FORMS Present perfect (affirmative):
The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned it
The room looks nice. It has been cleaned
They have invited John to the party
John has been invited to the party

15. PASSIVE FORMS Past perfect (affirmative):
The room looked nice. Somebody had cleaned it
The room looked nice. It had been cleaned
They hadn’t told us the good news
We hadn’t been told the news (by them)

16. They should clean this room! This room should be cleaned!
PASSIVE FORMS
Modals:
They should clean this room!
This room should be cleaned!
You could take some sweets!
Some sweets could be taken!

17. PASSIVE FORMS Modal perfects: They should have cleaned this room!
This room should have been cleaned!
You should take coats for the kids!
Coats should have been taken for the kids!

18. They have to clean this room! This room has to be cleaned!
PASSIVE FORMS
“Have to”:
They have to clean this room!
This room has to be cleaned!
He has to wash that jumper!
That jumper has to be washed!

19. And now… your turn!!!

20. CAUSATIVE

21. Causative structure: to have/ get + past participle
I cut my hair
I have my hair cut
Causative structure: to have/ get + past participle

22. CAUSATIVE He washes his car once a month She usually checks her teeth
He has/gets his car washed once a month
She usually has/gets her teeth checked