1. Social Development zTo live with people, children must learn what behavior is acceptable and unacceptable yLearn when to apply rules and when to bend them yGaining an identity (society, family, and individual) yLearning to live with people and yourself xChildren must learn that other people have rights and that they have limitations

2. Theories on Social Development zSigmund Freud believed that all children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges. zErik Erikson believed that a child’s need for social approval is just as important as sexual urges. zLawrence Kohlberg studied the development of moral reasoning—deciding what is right and what is wrong

3. 3 Psychosexual Development zSigmund Freud believed that all children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges zChildren suppress these urges and learn right and wrong zBelieved that that for the first few years of life boys and girls experiences were similar zFive stages

4. 4 1. Oral Stage zAges: first 18 months of life zInfant’s pleasure seeking focused on the mouth yBeginning of life erotic pleasures are obtained through the mouth yWeaning child from nursing is a difficult process for children

5. 5 2. Anal Stage zAges: 1.5 – 3 years zInfant’s pleasure seeking centered on functions of elimination yThrough toilet training the child learns to curb freedom and establish social control

6. 6 3. Phallic Stage zAges: 3 – 6 years zInfant’s pleasure seeking focused on the genitals zAware of differences in opposite sex zChild becomes a rival for the affections of the parent of the opposite sex

7. 7 4. Latency Stage zAges: 6 years to puberty zSexual thoughts are repressed; child focuses on developing social and intellectual skills zUse of Sublimation yThe process of redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks

8. 8 5. Genital Stage zAges: puberty through adulthood zSexual desires are renewed zIndividual seeks relationships with others yOne derives as much satisfaction from giving pleasure as from receiving it

9. 9 Erikson’s Theory zBiological in belief that there are innate drives to develop social relationships and that these promote survival (Darwinism) zDivided life span into eight psychosocial stages, each associated with a different drive and a problem or crisis to resolve zOutcome of each stage varies along a continuum from positive to negative

10. 10 Stage 1 (birth - 1) Trust vs. Mistrust zInfants must rely on others for care zConsistent and dependable caregiving and meeting infant needs leads to a sense of trust zInfants who are not well cared for will develop mistrust zExample: Is my world predictable and supportive?

11. 11 Stage 2 (1-3 years) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt zChildren are discovering their own independence zThose given the opportunity to experience independence will gain a sense of autonomy zChildren that are overly restrained or punished harshly will develop shame and doubt zExample: Can I do things myself or must I rely on others?

12. 12 Stage 3 (3-5 years) Initiative vs. Guilt zChildren are exposed to the wider social world and given greater responsibility zSense of accomplishment leads to initiative, whereas feelings of guilt can emerge if the child is made to feel too anxious or irresponsible zExample: Am I good or bad?

13. 13 Stage 4 (5-12 years) Industry vs. Inferiority zStage of life surrounding mastery of knowledge and intellectual skills zSense of competence and achievement leads to industry zFeeling incompetent and unproductive leads to inferiority zExample: Am I successful or worthless?

14. 14 Stage 5 (adolescence) Identity vs. Confusion zDeveloping a sense of who one is and where s/he is going in life zSuccessful resolution leads to positive identity zUnsuccessful resolution leads to identity confusion or a negative identity zExample: Who am I?

15. 15 Stage 6 (young adulthood) Intimacy vs. Isolation zTime for sharing oneself with another person zCapacity to hold commitments with others leads to intimacy zFailure to establish commitments leads to feelings of isolation zExample: Shall I share my life with someone or live alone?

16. 16 Stage 7 (middle adulthood) Generativity vs. Stagnation zCaring for others in family, friends and work leads to sense of contribution to later generations zStagnation comes from a sense of boredom and meaninglessness zExample: Will I succeed in life?

17. 17 Stage 8 (late adulthood to death) Integrity vs. Despair zSuccessful resolutions of all previous crises leads to integrity and the ability to see broad truths and advise those in earlier stages zDespair arises from feelings of helplessness and the bitter sense that life has been incomplete zExample: Have I lived a full life?

18. 18 Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development zAssessed moral reasoning by posing hypothetical moral dilemmas and examining the reasoning behind people’s answers zProposed five stages, each taking into account a broader portion of the social world

19. 19 Levels of Moral Reasoning zPreconventional - moral reasoning is based on external rewards and punishments zConventional - laws and rules are upheld simply because they are laws and rules zPostconventional - reasoning based on personal moral standards

20. 20 Stage 1 zA focus on direct consequences zEgocentric zNo sense of right and wrong zChildren would fear yNot stealing and being blamed for wife’s death yStealing and going to jail.

21. 21 Stage 2 zHave understanding of how to avoid punishment and receive awards zStill slightly egocentric

22. 22 Stage 3: Interpersonal Accord and Conformity zAn attempt to live up to the expectations of important others zPositive actions will improve relations with significant others zNegative actions will harm those relationships

23. 23 Stage 4: Law-and-Order Morality zTo maintain social order, people must resist personal pressures and follow the laws of the larger society

24. 24 Stage 5: Human-Rights and Social-Welfare Morality zA balance is struck between respect for laws and ethical principles that transcend specific laws zLaws that fail to promote general welfare or that violate ethical principles can be changed, reinterpreted, or abandoned