1. The Spread of Industrialization By: Casey Fleming & Scott McCrea

2. Limitations to Industrialization  Some countries more agricultural than industrial than England.  No roads, river travel, and guild restrictions and entrepreneurs did not take business risks.  French Revolution and Napoleonic Era led to physical destruction, loss of manpower, weakened currencies, and led to political and social instability.  Gap between British and continental countries industrial machinery.  Britain had money to make machines and other countries didn’t.

3. Borrowing Techniques and Practices  British artisans were prohibited from leaving country.  Machinery sold illegally.  Continental entrepreneurs copied their ideas and skills.  John Cockerill- Pirated British industrialists ideas to profit his industrial plant.  Continental countries achieved technological independence from Britain.  France and Germany established technological schools to train mechanics and engineers.

4. Role of Government  Continental governments paid for most of the industrialization of their countries.  Railroads throughout Europe.  Tariffs to further industrialization  Friedrich List’s National System of Political Economy

5. Joint-Stock Investment Bank  Joint-Stock Investment Bank- People would invest in the bank and then the bank would invest in mining, railroad, or other heavy industries.  Limited liability for the investor.  3 Major Banks in Europe: - Credit Mobilier in France -Darmstadt Bank in Germany -Kreditanstalt in Austria  British invested in private capital of successful individuals who reinvested their profits.

6. Centers of Continental Industrialization  Major Centers: Belgium, France and Germany  Cotton- major role in Britain and France  Steam Engine for mining and metallurgy rather than textiles  Iron and Coal were main industries on the continent.  Britain was not destined to remain the worlds greatest industrial nation. France

7. Industrial Revolution in the United States  U.S. was agriculturally based society.  Industrial Revolution= 1800- Civil War  Samuel Slater established first textile factory.  America surpassed British technical inventions (muskets with interchangeable parts)  American system reduced costs and revolutionized production by saving labor, important to a society that had few skilled workers.

8. The Need for Transportation  Canals were built to link east and west  Steamboat provided transportation on Great Lakes, Atlantic Coast, and rivers.  27,000 miles of Railroad tracks

9. Labor Force  U.S didn’t have many artisans but did have a lot of farmers.  Women made up more than 80% of the labor force in textile factories.  Unskilled labor pushed American industrialization into a capital-intensive pattern.  Factory owners invested in machines that produced large quantities by unskilled laborers.  Northeast was the most industrialized part of the U.S.  “The rich got richer and the poor stayed the same.”

10. Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in the Nonindustrialized World  In eastern Europe, Industrialization lagged behind the rest of the world.  Russia had industrialization at the end of the 19 th century.

11. The Example of India  Greatest exporter of cotton cloth produced by hand.  In the first half of the nineteenth century, India fell under control of the British East India Company.  Factories- Indian hand-loom weavers were out of a job.  A lack of local capital and the advantages given to British imports limited the growth of new manufacturing operations.