1. Other Punctuation 11 English Grammar Review

2. Apostrophes Use an apostrophe to form the possessive of nouns and indefinite pronouns. Use an apostrophe to form the possessive of nouns and indefinite pronouns. Singular noun: add apostrophe and s Singular noun: add apostrophe and s Ex: the dog’s bowl, James’s books Plural noun ending in s: add apostrophe only Plural noun ending in s: add apostrophe only Ex: dogs’ bowls, the Joneses’ house Plural noun not ending in s: add apostrophe and s Plural noun not ending in s: add apostrophe and s Ex: the children’s clothes, the men’s bathroom

3. Apostrophes Compound noun: add apostrophe and s to last word of compound Ex: sister-in-law’s, brothers-in-law’s Compound noun: add apostrophe and s to last word of compound Ex: sister-in-law’s, brothers-in-law’s Individual possession: change each noun to its possessive form Ex: Mary’s and Tom’s cars Individual possession: change each noun to its possessive form Ex: Mary’s and Tom’s cars Joint possession: change only the last noun to its possessive form Ex: Mary and Tom’s cars Joint possession: change only the last noun to its possessive form Ex: Mary and Tom’s cars Indefinite pronoun: add apostrophe and s Indefinite pronoun: add apostrophe and s Ex: someone’s, anybody’s

4. Apostrophes Compound indefinite pronoun: add apostrophe and s to the last word Ex: someone else’s, no one else’s Compound indefinite pronoun: add apostrophe and s to the last word Ex: someone else’s, no one else’s Noun expressing time or amount: add apostrophe and s to a singular noun; add apostrophe to a plural noun Ex: one day’s; ten hours’ Noun expressing time or amount: add apostrophe and s to a singular noun; add apostrophe to a plural noun Ex: one day’s; ten hours’ Add just an apostrophe for classical and Biblical names Ex: Hercules’ Jesus’ Add just an apostrophe for classical and Biblical names Ex: Hercules’ Jesus’

5. Apostrophes Use apostrophes in contractions to show the omission of letters. Ex: they’re, she’s Use apostrophes in contractions to show the omission of letters. Ex: they’re, she’s Use apostrophes to show where sounds have been omitted in poetry or in dialect. Ex: ‘bout, s’pose Use apostrophes to show where sounds have been omitted in poetry or in dialect. Ex: ‘bout, s’pose Use an apostrophe to indicate missing digits in a year number Ex: class of ’04, back in ‘02 Use an apostrophe to indicate missing digits in a year number Ex: class of ’04, back in ‘02

6. Apostrophes Use an apostrophe and an s to form the plural of an individual letter or numeral, a word referred to as a word, or an abbreviation containing a period. Ex: the’s, b’s, 6’s Use an apostrophe and an s to form the plural of an individual letter or numeral, a word referred to as a word, or an abbreviation containing a period. Ex: the’s, b’s, 6’s Do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of dates, such as decades and centuries. Ex: 1900s Do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of dates, such as decades and centuries. Ex: 1900s Any punctuation that follows a word ending with an apostrophe should be placed after the apostrophe. Any punctuation that follows a word ending with an apostrophe should be placed after the apostrophe.

7. Now You Try Complete questions 1-13 on page 167 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-13 on page 167 of your grammar workbook.

8. Hyphens, Dashes, and Ellipses A hyphen (-) connects words, word elements, or the parts of a compound word. A hyphen (-) connects words, word elements, or the parts of a compound word. A dash ( – ) sets off an abrupt change of thought or an explanation. A dash ( – ) sets off an abrupt change of thought or an explanation. An ellipsis (... ) shows that a word, phrase, line, or paragraph has been omitted. An ellipsis (... ) shows that a word, phrase, line, or paragraph has been omitted.

9. Hyphens Use a hyphen to divide a word at the end of a line. Use a hyphen to divide a word at the end of a line. Use a hyphen in compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine and with fractions. Use a hyphen in compound numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine and with fractions. Use a hyphen in certain compound nouns. Ex: self-contained, vice-president Use a hyphen in certain compound nouns. Ex: self-contained, vice-president

10. Hyphens cont’d. Hyphenate a compound adjective when it comes before the noun it modifies. Ex: A well- informed student, the student is well informed Hyphenate a compound adjective when it comes before the noun it modifies. Ex: A well- informed student, the student is well informed Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex, self, quasi, and all and with the suffix elect. Ex: self- sufficient, ex-boyfriend, officer-elect Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex, self, quasi, and all and with the suffix elect. Ex: self- sufficient, ex-boyfriend, officer-elect Use a hyphen to avoid confusion or to avoid repeating a vowel or consonant. Ex: anti-itch, shell-like Use a hyphen to avoid confusion or to avoid repeating a vowel or consonant. Ex: anti-itch, shell-like

11. Dashes Use a dash to signal an abrupt change or an idea that breaks into the thought of a sentence. Ex: Victims of rape often do not report the crime – the embarrassment is too much to bear. Use a dash to signal an abrupt change or an idea that breaks into the thought of a sentence. Ex: Victims of rape often do not report the crime – the embarrassment is too much to bear. Use dashes to set off explanatory, supplementary, or parenthetical material. Ex: Certain characteristics – responsibility and determination – make a student more likely to succeed. Use dashes to set off explanatory, supplementary, or parenthetical material. Ex: Certain characteristics – responsibility and determination – make a student more likely to succeed.

12. Ellipses Use an ellipsis to show that one or more words have been omitted from a quoted sentence. Ex: “When I look over the never-ending sea... I see a world of possibility.” “When I look over the never-ending sea....” Use an ellipsis to show that one or more words have been omitted from a quoted sentence. Ex: “When I look over the never-ending sea... I see a world of possibility.” “When I look over the never-ending sea....”

13. Now You Try Complete questions 1-5, 1-4, and 1-2 on page 170 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-5, 1-4, and 1-2 on page 170 of your grammar workbook.

14. Semicolons Use a semicolon to join the independent clauses of a compound sentence in which no coordinating conjunction is used. Ex: Julia lives in Tuscaloosa; her boyfriend lives in Troy. Use a semicolon to join the independent clauses of a compound sentence in which no coordinating conjunction is used. Ex: Julia lives in Tuscaloosa; her boyfriend lives in Troy. Use a semicolon between independent clauses that are joined by a conjunctive adverb or transitional phrase. Ex: Luggage is easily lost when flying; therefore, I will pack a change of clothes in my carry-on bag. Use a semicolon between independent clauses that are joined by a conjunctive adverb or transitional phrase. Ex: Luggage is easily lost when flying; therefore, I will pack a change of clothes in my carry-on bag.

15. Semicolons cont’d. Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by a conjunction if either clause contains commas. Ex: In 1896, the Supreme Court, in a seven-to-one vote, ruled that racial segregation was constitutional; but, on May 17, 1954, by a unanimous vote, the Supreme Court overturned that ruling. Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by a conjunction if either clause contains commas. Ex: In 1896, the Supreme Court, in a seven-to-one vote, ruled that racial segregation was constitutional; but, on May 17, 1954, by a unanimous vote, the Supreme Court overturned that ruling.

16. Semicolons cont’d. Use a semicolon to separate items in a series if one or more of the items contain commas. Ex: The family stopped for turkey, freshly roasted; sweet potatoes; and fruit pies. Use a semicolon to separate items in a series if one or more of the items contain commas. Ex: The family stopped for turkey, freshly roasted; sweet potatoes; and fruit pies.

17. Colons Use a colon after an independent clause to introduce a list of items. Ex: You will need the following: pens, paper, and your text. Use a colon after an independent clause to introduce a list of items. Ex: You will need the following: pens, paper, and your text. Use a colon between two independent clauses when the second explains the first. Ex: Lindsey is the most qualified person for the job: she has ten years of experience. Use a colon between two independent clauses when the second explains the first. Ex: Lindsey is the most qualified person for the job: she has ten years of experience. Do not use a colon directly after a verb. Do not use a colon directly after a verb.

18. Colons cont’d. Use a colon to introduce a long or formal quotation. Use a colon to introduce a long or formal quotation. Use a colon after the salutation of a business letter. Use a colon after the salutation of a business letter. Use a colon between numerals indicating hours and minutes. Use a colon between numerals indicating hours and minutes.

19. Now You Try Complete questions 1-10 and 1-9 on page 173 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-10 and 1-9 on page 173 of your grammar workbook.

20. Quotation Marks and Italics Quotation marks (“ ”) set off direct quotations, titles of short works, and words used in special ways. Quotation marks (“ ”) set off direct quotations, titles of short works, and words used in special ways. Italics (slanted print) are used for titles of longer works, foreign words, and words referred to as words. Italics (slanted print) are used for titles of longer works, foreign words, and words referred to as words.

21. Direct Quotations Use quotation marks to indicate the beginning and the end of a direct quotation – a person’s exact words. Ex: Eli said, “I will not go tonight.” Use quotation marks to indicate the beginning and the end of a direct quotation – a person’s exact words. Ex: Eli said, “I will not go tonight.” Do not use quotation marks to set off an indirect quotation. Ex: Eli said that he will not go tonight. Do not use quotation marks to set off an indirect quotation. Ex: Eli said that he will not go tonight.

22. Punctuation in Direct Quotations Always put periods and commas inside quotation marks. Ex: “Everyone likes to win,” said John. Always put periods and commas inside quotation marks. Ex: “Everyone likes to win,” said John. Always put semicolons and colons outside the quotation marks. Ex: He said, “World Lit I is easy”; I’m not sure I agree. Always put semicolons and colons outside the quotation marks. Ex: He said, “World Lit I is easy”; I’m not sure I agree.

23. Punctuation in Direct Quotations cont’d. Put question marks and exclamation points inside the quotation marks if they are part of the quotation. If they are not, put them outside. Ex: Mrs. Taylor asked, “Where is your book?” Did you really say “I hate chocolate”? Put question marks and exclamation points inside the quotation marks if they are part of the quotation. If they are not, put them outside. Ex: Mrs. Taylor asked, “Where is your book?” Did you really say “I hate chocolate”? Use single quotation marks to indicate a quotation within a quotation. Ex: “ ‘Never arrive unprepared’ is the best advice I heard,” said Elizabeth. Use single quotation marks to indicate a quotation within a quotation. Ex: “ ‘Never arrive unprepared’ is the best advice I heard,” said Elizabeth.

24. Quotations vs. Italics Use Quotations for shorter works Short story Short story Chapter Chapter Article Article Essay Essay TV episode TV episode Short poem Short poem song song Use Italics for longer works Book Newspaper / Magazine Work of Art TV Series Movie / Play Long poem Long musical work Vehicle

25. Quotations vs. Italics Use quotations to enclose slang words, unusual expressions, technical terms, and definitions of words. Italicize and unfamiliar foreign word or a word referred to as a word.

26. Now You Try Complete questions 1-6 on page 176 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-6 on page 176 of your grammar workbook.

27. Parentheses and Brackets Parentheses ( ) enclose supplemental information in a sentence or text. Parentheses ( ) enclose supplemental information in a sentence or text. Brackets [ ] enclose explanatory information within quoted text or within text that is enclosed in parentheses. Brackets [ ] enclose explanatory information within quoted text or within text that is enclosed in parentheses.

28. Parentheses Use parentheses to set off supplemental or explanatory material that is added to a sentence or text. Ex: There are several different genres (or categories) of literature. Use parentheses to set off supplemental or explanatory material that is added to a sentence or text. Ex: There are several different genres (or categories) of literature. Use parentheses to enclose figures or letters that introduce items in a list within a sentence and to set off numerical information such as area codes. Ex: Requirements for initiation are (1) 3.5 GPA, (2) extracurricular involvement, and (3) no office referrals. Use parentheses to enclose figures or letters that introduce items in a list within a sentence and to set off numerical information such as area codes. Ex: Requirements for initiation are (1) 3.5 GPA, (2) extracurricular involvement, and (3) no office referrals.

29. Punctuating Parenthetical Material If parenthetical material occurs within a sentence, do not capitalize the first word or put a period at the end. You may, however, put a question mark or exclamation point at the end. If parenthetical material occurs within a sentence, do not capitalize the first word or put a period at the end. You may, however, put a question mark or exclamation point at the end. Never put punctuation before the opening parenthesis. If punctuation is called for, put it after the closing parenthesis. Never put punctuation before the opening parenthesis. If punctuation is called for, put it after the closing parenthesis. If a parenthetical sentence stands by itself, punctuate and capitalize the sentence as you normally would. If a parenthetical sentence stands by itself, punctuate and capitalize the sentence as you normally would.

30. Brackets Use brackets to enclose an explanation or comment added to quoted material. Ex: She said, “This law [prohibiting the ridicule of vegetables] is a waste of time.” Use brackets to enclose an explanation or comment added to quoted material. Ex: She said, “This law [prohibiting the ridicule of vegetables] is a waste of time.” Use brackets as parentheses inside parentheses. Ex: Many people spoke out against this law (law against the ridicule of vegetables [see above]). Use brackets as parentheses inside parentheses. Ex: Many people spoke out against this law (law against the ridicule of vegetables [see above]).

31. Now You Try Complete questions 1-3 and 1-3 on page 178 of your grammar workbook. Complete questions 1-3 and 1-3 on page 178 of your grammar workbook.