1. Unrest grows in Texas… ….and Spanish rule ends

2. Hidalgo’s Revolution

3. Causes Napoleon kidnaps king of Spain Napoleon’s brother, Joseph, becomes king. Revolutionaries were: small farmers Taxes too high: many forced into peonage (land slavery) to pay debts. Middle class and intellectuals revolting against Napoleon & puppet King. Laws unfair: restrict best jobs to Spanish- born “Peninsulares”

4. Enter Father Hidalgo

5. !!!! El Grito de Dolores!!!! His famous call for revolt and political change

6. His army does well at first……

7. Why failure?: military Hidalgo’s Army 100,000+ people. Too large to control. Few guns, no training. Spanish Army Smaller- 6,000 men- but organized. Well armed and trained.

8. Why failure?: Politics Hidalgo: Never captured Mexico City. Needed money and military supplies from Mexico city. Hidalgo and Allende captured and executed Spain Retained capital city. Controlled cash, and arsenals. Leaders remain in control.

9. The legend: Hidalgo was also known as…..

10. El Zorro!!!!

12. Why did Spain neglect Texas? Cause No gold or silver Political center in Mexico City Land in California and Mexico more fertile Angry Indians Effect No fortune hunters No politicians Few ranchers or farmers Hard for people to survive

13. Gutierrez and Magee Dead men tell no tales…live ones get into trouble.

14. Who was this “Republican Army of the North”? Filibusters and revolutionaries Tejanos Tejanos Spaniards-mostly ex-army types Spaniards-mostly ex-army types American volunteers American volunteersCommanders: Augustus Magee : ex-US Army Augustus Magee : ex-US Army Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara: General under Hidalgo Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara: General under Hidalgo

15. What they wanted “Americans” A free Mexico A free Mexico USA-style gov’t: vote for leaders of the country. USA-style gov’t: vote for leaders of the country. Constitution Constitution Close ties with USA Close ties with USA “Mexicans” A free Mexico A free Mexico Spanish-style gov’t : appoint leaders of the country. Spanish-style gov’t : appoint leaders of the country. Constitution Constitution Close ties with ex- Spanish colonies Close ties with ex- Spanish colonies

16. What the Republicans did Captured major cities in Texas Captured major cities in Texas (Goliad, Nacogdoches and San Antonio) (Goliad, Nacogdoches and San Antonio) Set up trials courts Set up trials courts Captured La Bahia Captured La Bahia Defeated Spanish army repeatedly. Defeated Spanish army repeatedly.

17. Magee dies Gutierrez fired Officers changed as policy changed This meant no stability for Republican govt. What happened?

18. Why Republicans lost Spanish re-organize Republicans surrounded by General Arredondo at Battle of Medina Most killed

19. Pirates The myth and the revolutionary

20. Three rebellious “nations” rise up against Spain What they need most is a navy VenezuelaArgentina Republic of Mexico

21. Jean Louis Aury 1813 North Carolina privateer raids Spanish ships 1813 North Carolina privateer raids Spanish ships Venezuela will make him a privateer-a “legal pirate” if he represents them Venezuela will make him a privateer-a “legal pirate” if he represents them He does He does Venezuela-hires both Aury and Lafitte Aury’s personal flag Only known drawing thought to be Aury

22. Republic of Mexico Aury also gets Commissioned by Republic of Mexico as….. “Civil and Military Governor of Texas” Establishes a privateering base on Galveston Island, Texas in 1816. Mexican pre-revolution flag

23. While Aury was away While Aury away raiding New Spain, Jean Laffite takes over the operation at Galveston Argentina flag -Aury’s

24. Jean Lafitte Smart businessman Worked legal system whenever possible Avoided killing - it was not smart Joined “Mexico” to act as a privateer – made his robberies legal.Fought for USA in War of 1812 - to get his men pardoned.

25. Then came the Adams Onis Treaty Some Americans were not pleased.

26. Dr Long’s Expeditions Futility incarnate….

27. Long’s rebellions Background Mississippi Doctor Mississippi Doctor Upset with Adams- Onis giving US land away. Upset with Adams- Onis giving US land away. Led Several expeditions Led Several expeditions All failed All failed Came to Texas with army and wife- Jane Long. Came to Texas with army and wife- Jane Long. He did succeed in capturing Nacogdoches. capturing Nacogdoches. Declared Texas a “free and independent republic”. Declared Texas a “free and independent republic”.

28. Long’s problems 3 expeditions 3 expeditions All failed to free Texas Long wanted Jean Lafitte’s help Long wanted Jean Lafitte’s help Lafitte refused- Lafitte refused- He said Long did not have enough men. He said Long did not have enough men.

29. Long’s fate captured and tried in Mexico, not imprisoned. not allowed to leave Mexico City. “Accidentally ” shot and killed.

30. Long’s legacy He was survived by his strongest supporter, who had been left to guard their “fort” at Bolivar Point.

31. Jane Long Followed husband John Came with teen-age slave, Kian Kept Indians away by bluffing with a cannon. Had “the first Anglo child in Texas”

32. Jane Long Left when Austin colonists told her husband was dead. Lived out her days running a hotel. Died Dec. 30th,1880

33. Freedom for Texas would have to wait… Until Mexico became free as well.