1. The Great War World War I: The War to End All Wars (or so we thought)

2. What does Europe look like? Complete the map activity for Europe before WWI. –Make sure you have a key –Neat and organized

3. On the road to war During the late 1800s, Europe experiences four major movements that combine to create an environment ready for war: Imperialism Nationalism Militarism Formation of Alliances

4. Imperialism Imperialism oversees leads to competition and tension within Europe Great Britain is the world’s biggest imperial power France, Germany, Italy, and Russia start to build their own empires to compete

5. Growing Nationalism Nationalism led to a deep sense of pride among the individual German states They combined to create a German Empire in 1871

6. Austro-Hungarian Empire (aka Austria- Hungary) included many nationalities and ethnic groups empire was very divided because of differences Ex: Slavs wanted to break away from Austria-Hungary to form their own Slavic Empire in the Balkans Growing Nationalism

7. Each nation’s growing nationalism along with growing competition cause it to begin to fear other nations This fear leads countries to build up their militaries in case of attack Military values (e.g. patriotism, loyalty, obedience to authority) are stressed throughout Europe Militarism

8. Formation of Alliances Nations formed alliances to protect themselves and each other in case of attack Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy Triple Entente: Britain, France, and Russia Alliances maintained a balance of power to keep any one nation from having too much power No country would start a war if it lacked a military advantage

9. Partner Question Which long-term cause was the most influential in leading to WWI? Explain your answer.

10. Slavs in the Austro- Hungarian Empire wanted to be part of Serbia (same ethnic backgrounds) Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 Slavic nationalists are angry over this b/c they want the whole region to be allied with Serbia The Spark

11. June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife visit Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia Herzegovina (Ferdinand is the heir to the throne of Austria- Hungary) Both are assassinated by a Serbian nationalist “The powder keg of Europe” is lit War is declared all over Europe due to European alliances

12. Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Italy Eventually, 30 countries would fight in WWI The Two Sides

13. The US and WWI At first, the US maintains a position of neutrality (does not choose a side) Neutrality does not stop US businesses from trading with European nations US industries do more business with Allied Powers than with Central Powers

14. May 1915: German U-boats sank the British ship, Lusitania killed 1,200 people; 128 were Americans Germans said the ship was smuggling war materials America was furious Sinking of the Lusitania

15. Zimmermann Note Germany sends a secret telegram to Mexico Proposes an alliance of Germany and Mexico against the US If Mexico agreed, Germany would help it take back the lost territories of New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona

16. President Wilson asks Congress to declare war on Germany “The world must be made safe for democracy.” War is declared on April 6, 1917 US joins the Allied Powers War is declared

17. Primary Resource Analysis “But the right is more precious (important) than peace, and we shall fight for the things which have always carried nearest our hearts, for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free.” - President Wilson’s address to Congress, April 2, 1917

18. Partner Work In your own words, explain why President Wilson believed America must go to war in 1917.

19. On the home front While US soldiers are sent to fight in Europe, America is mobilizing at home for war

20. Propaganda President Wilson creates the Committee on Public Information (CPI) to get Americans to support the war effort Holds rallies & parades; prints posters & pamphlets Hollywood makes movies in support of the war

21. Much of the propaganda focused on supporting the war effort by buying liberty bonds money from bonds goes to buy food and war supplies for the Allies Person buying the bond makes a loan to the gov’t who promises to pay back that loan at a later date Propaganda

22. Gov’t gets involved in food production and price setting Calls on all Americans to sacrifice certain foods for the troops - Meatless Mondays and Wheat-less Wednesdays

23. Espionage Act of 1917: punished people for helping the enemy or refusing military service Sedition Act of 1918: illegal for Americans to speak out against the US government Many German- Americans were harassed and targeted Limits to Freedoms

24. Selective Service Act When the war began, the military only numbered 750,000 men- not enough Congress passed the Selective Service Act: required all men b/w ages of 21 and 30 to register for the draft If called up for military service, a man would have to fight or else face criminal charges Many felt that it violated their civil liberties as Americans

25. Partner Question Describe 3 limits to Americans’ freedoms during World War I.

26. Great Migration With thousands of men leaving for war, American industries faced a shortage of workers African Americans moved north by the thousands to fill job openings and escape the Jim Crow South

27. Changes to the Workplace Women enter workforce to replace workers who left for war With many industries facing labor shortages, workers have more power and begin demanding higher wages and better working conditions With the US at war, labor strikes are seen as hurting the war effort

28. President Wilson creates the National War Labor Board Designed to settle disputes b/w owners and workers and to prevent strikes Board was sympathetic to workers and supported their rights Led to minimum wage and maximum hour standards throughout the US Changes to the Workplace

29. Partner Question How did the war benefit the following groups? African Americans Women Workers

30. Photograph Analysis: Life on the Home front 3. List THREE words you think of when you look at this picture. 2. Use those three words in a TWO-sentence summary about the impact of WWI on American life. 1. Write ONE way in which you would have supported the war effort if you had lived during this time. Explain your answer.

31. New Kind of War WWI saw the introduction of new types of warfare and technology never before used in war Greatly increased loss of life

32. Opposing armies fight each other from deep ditches for protection Area between trenches is known as no-man’s land This type of fighting often led to a stalemate - thousands would die but no one gained any real territory Trench Warfare

33. New weaponry Machine guns U-boats (submarines) Tanks Airplanes Poison Gas

34. With the US entering the war, the Allied Powers receive much needed support Central Power countries face violent riots and devastating food shortages German soldiers desert Individual Central Power countries begin to surrender End of the War

35. Armistice Germany agrees to a cease-fire Kaiser (leader of Germany) leaves power and Germany abandons occupied territory 11th hr of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, an armistice (truce) is signed and the Great War is over

36. President Wilson proposed his 14 Points plan to rebuild Europe and prevent future wars 1. Free and safe seas 2. Smaller armies/navies 3. Self-determination 4. League of Nations (organization of countries who meet to settle conflicts & maintain peace) Wilson’s 14 Points

37. Paris Peace Conference While Wilson wanted to promote peace, European nations wanted revenge Organized Paris Peace Conference to settle the war (no Central Power countries were invited) Result of conference: The Treaty of Versailles

38. Germany had to pay $33 billion in reparations Central Powers give up colonies New European nations created Some cases of self- determination (countries can decide how they want to be ruled) League of Nations Major Parts of Treaty of Versailles

39. Treaty of Versailles European nations approved the League of Nations, but the US Congress did not Congress did not want to get involved in any European alliances As a result, the US never ratified the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations was doomed to fail

40. Primary Source: Political Cartoons Complete the Interpreting Political Cartoons activity on page 731 in you book by answering the following questions. 1.What is the League Covenant trying to do in the cartoon? 2.Does the cartoon express a view for or against joining the League of Nations? How do you know?

41. Allies lost more than 5 million soldiers More than 112,000 Americans died (over half from the flu) Central Powers lost about 3.4 million More than 20 million wounded Millions of civilians were killed and lost their homes Human Cost of Great War

42. Economic Cost Total cost of war was over $330 billion Industries and agriculture were wiped out across Europe European nations in billions of dollars of debt to American banks

43. Legacy of WWI Look at the map of Europe in 1914 and 1919. With a partner, explain how WWI changed Europe. Europe 1914Europe 1919