1. …THE STORY OF NEO-COLONIALISM? Latin American in the 20 th C

2. Heavily Influenced by: o (1) Lingering 19 th c Social Problems (2) Global Developments 1910-1920:  Mexican Revolution 1920-1950:  Democracy Questioned Amidst Great Depression 1950-1965:  Cold War & USSR’s Progress Champions Communism 1965-present:  Cold War & USA’s Progress Champions Alternatives

3. Review Historical Context for 20 th c Mexico 1300-1910

4. Lower classes experience little improvement in quality of life As a result, many celebrate indigenous heritage Murals of 20 th c reflect Mexico’s history & perspective of 20 th c

5. Mexican Revolution via Murals As early as 1000 BCE – Toltecs and Maya adorned temples and public building with murals. Murals told stories of everyday life (Mexican Realism). Post-Spanish invasion = Christian murals Mexican Revolution = native Mexican culture again Teotihuacan

6. 1345 Aztecs built Tenochtitlan at Lake Texcoco Snake on cloth represents Quetzalcoatl- goddess of creation The city was an important religious center filled with pyramids topped with temples Slave laborer is identified by simple loin cloth Mountains and lake provide natural defense of city Importance of family as mother carries child in rebozo What raw materials would be used to create mats? Aztecs called themselves Mexica Moctezuma II 1502 Petates, or mats, were woven out of reed Tenochtitlan Marketplace by Diego Rivera

7. Spanish Conquest Hernan Cortes 1519 Aztecs surrender 1521 Winged angel shows partnership of Church and Cortes Cortes is carrying an iron sword – resting on dismembered bodies of Aztec victim Aztecs had no metal to match iron’s strength Fire in background represents widespread destruction of Spanish soldiers and smallpox. What is this? Cortes is a machine… symbolic of European technology Conquest by Jose Orozco Small pox decimated Aztecs

8. Video Clip: European Rule (United Streaming)

9. Absorption of the Indian by Jose Orozco White European, Hernan Cortes, sits with an Indian woman, Malinche. Symbolic of mixing of two groups to create mestizo people. Mestizo make up majority of Mexicans today Dead mestizo shows unhappiness and ill- treatment of mestizo Partnership Yet, restraint – many Mexicans consider Mayan Malinche a traitor Legend: Malinche was given to Cortes as a translator – later they produced a son

10. Colonial Domination by Diego Rivera Cross, Spanish flag and sword represent colonization Cuauhtemoc, last Aztec emperor, bowing to conquistadors Conquistadores use branding iron to brand Indian slave Brutal labor of gold mines Yoked to plow Bag of gold Describe the European faces… Euro faces drawn as animals Huge land grants given to Spanish - encomiendas Rivera attempted to summarize 300 years Total Indian population fell from 25 million to 1 million by 1700

11. Video Clip: Mexican Independence (United Streaming)

12. Fight for Liberty by Jose Orozco Mexican Independence 1810-1821 Father Hidalgo (killed 1811) against Spanish rule Color red – death and violence Masses of people – popularity of independence movement among Indians and mestizos. Priest’s collar and cross – role of Church in rebellion What do you think a fiery machete represent? Machete is symbol of agriculture and fire is revolt. Hidalgo and Father Morelos both executed during war by Mexican creoles (Spanish decedents) Creole Agustin Iturbide then lead independence from Spain, but without reforms of masses Criollos – Spanish descent

13. Independence in early 19 th c Mexico is in political and economic chaos after independence Race/Class Structure Remains –Creoles –Mestizos –Indians –Africans Iturbede ousted in 1824 and Mexico becomes a republic Santa Anna is the most dominant political leader.

14. Mexican-American War Americans proclaim independence of Texas—March 2, 1836 French try to take Mexico in 1838. Mexican-American War (1846- 1848) –Mexico defeated. –Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848. California, Texas, Arizona and New Mexico to US. US pays Mexico $15,000,000 Property owners assured can keep property

15. Liberalism Re-Emerges in Late 19 th c Benito Juarez elected president in 1858 –confiscated Church property –suspended payment of foreign debt in 1861. France, Great Britain, & Spain protest

16. French occupy Mexico The French occupy Mexico in 1861 and capture Mexico City in 1863. Louis Napoleon makes Archduke Maximillian Emperor (April 10, 1864) –Maximillian was Austrian and never understood Mexico –There were many revolts –Maximillian is captured and executed with the rest of his family. –Juarez is restored.

17. Juaraz 1831-1872 and the Fall of the Empire by Jose Orozco Juarez - Zapotec Indian - first to bring legitimate reforms to Mexico Mexican flag – patriotism of middleclass Violent colors Control of Church Machetes in hands of peasants 1862 – Mexico conquered by France (Napoleon III). Archduke Maximilian of Austria became Emperor of Mexico. Cinco de Mayo = Mexican victory, though French eventually won war. Juarez leadership came against European intrusion from Spain and France 1867- Juarez conquered Mexico City and executed Maximillian Then continued his reforms until his death in 1872 1855 – overthrew dictator Santa Anna, began reforms

18. Porfirio Diaz Order & progress –Stability to industrialize Develops industry with foreign capital Develops railroads with foreign capital Oil Industry –Standard Oil –British Petroleum

19. Mexican Revolution 1910-1920

20. Repression – History and Perspective of Mexico Repression during rule of Porfirio Diaz (34 year rule) Note force used to control farmers (land fell into hands of huge hacienda owners). Sickle represents farm workers Government forces on horse heavily loaded with weapons 1876 Diaz came to power – dictator for 34 years. Welcomed foreign investors Police enforced Diaz’ laws

21.  Foreign/Mexican owners discriminated against Mexican Workers & Mexican Middle Class  Did nothing for poorest Mestizos  Neglected Education  Confiscated ejidos (common land)

22.  Reign of Porfirio Díaz  Ruled as a dictator  “New Creoles”  Modernized Mexico  Masses suppressed  Working class wages declined  95% of rural population did not own any land  Mestizo population grew rapidly after 1850 Porfirio Díaz (1876-1910)

23.  By 1910 – large portions of Mexican society fed up with Diaz  Political & social turmoil resulted  Displays…  Political instability of 19 th century  Failure to fulfill promises of independence  Failure to integrate poor & indigenous  Revolution was first and foremost a social movement

24.  Cause : landlessness, oligarchy, foreign influence 1. Calls for Change: Diaz v. masses  May 25, 1911 Diaz overthrown  Nov. 6, 1911 Francisco Madero, leader of revolt = President 2. Moderate position pleases no one: Madero & assassination  Madero unprepared & lack of land reforms led to open rebellion 3. Radical efforts: Pancho Villa, Zapata 4. Moderates return: PRI  PRI – one party rule, limits foreign ownership, incorporates workers & indigenous into party

26. Revolution against Porfirian (Porfirio Diaz) Dictatorship 1911 unseated Diaz Peasants lost lands and were forced to work on large haciendas for little wage – conditions near slavery Government forces used to coerce the farm hands to work. Peasants responded by rebelling against government.

27. Video Clip: Mexican Revolution (United Streaming)

29.  Emiliano Zapata – organized peasants from southern Mexico  “Land and Liberty”  Francisco “Pancho” Villa - organized peasants from northern Mexico  Understood new technology (machine guns) & role of media better than most  Villa raids New Mexico Farm on March 9, 1916.  Impacts the reaction to the Zimmerman Telegram

30.  Radicals  Can be divided into 2 groups:  Agraristas – groups led to revolt due primarily to agrarian grievances. Thus, main goal was agrarian reform (e.g. Zapata)  Serranos – groups led to revolt due to threats to way of life, varied based on region. Main goals included autonomy, political control, cultural independence (e.g. Pancho Villa)  Both groups have common ground: they entered into revolution due to expansion under the Porfiriato

31. The Trench by Jose Orozco Mexican Revolution By 1910, dissatisfaction of Diaz regime lead to open revolt. “Viva la Revolucion” Three soldiers mirroring the Christian Trinity, add religious element to the movement The carbines and rifle reinforce the atmosphere of revolution Red – violent and bloody nature of 10-year long revolution Sharp angles of bodies inject drama

32.  Ratified on January 31, 1917  Conferred strong powers to the president  Laid basis for land reform  No major redistribution until 1934  Government ownership of mineral &d water resources  Placed restrictions on the church and clergy  New labor laws  Universal suffrage  Restrictions on Foreign Ownership  8 hour day  Minimum wage  Agrarian reform

33.  Alvaro Obregón (1920-1924)  Built schools and encouraged nationalism  Diego Rivera  Mexico becomes a single-party system  Party of Revolutionary Institutions (PRI)  Dominated politics until 2000  Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940)  Redistributed 45 million acres of land  253 million would be redistributed by 1984  Promoted economic nationalism  Nationalized railroads (1937) and oil (1938)

34. Land Distribution by Diego Rivera Most tangible result of revolution was the redistribution of hacienda land to landless 1917 Constitution guaranteed lands and factory workers protection Nation Culture changed as Zapata and Madero became heroes. 1910 – 2% owned land 1940 – 33% owned land (President Lazaro Cardenas) Madero became president 1911

36.  Over one million people died  Revolution lacked a plan, a philosophy, intellectual leadership, or political parties  Farming, ranching, and mining economies were destroyed  Oil industry improved during revolution  No major bank or newspaper survived

37. BENEFITSDOES NOT BENEFIT  Mexican middle class  Some Mexican workers  Greater integration of poor & indigenous  Emphasized nationalism & indigenism  Seen in artistic movements (Diego Rivera)  The PRI  Picks Mexican leaders  Little Real Democracy  Poorest Mexican Agricultural Workers  Poorly paid  Illiteracy

38. Mural by Diego Rivera showing a unified Mexican society

39. Democracy Questioned Amidst Great Depression 1920-1950

40. Authoritarianism on the Rise Latin America’s export oriented economy hit hard by Depression Governments not easily categorized –Populist rhetoric of left Goals = social reform & improved conditions for poor –Fascist rhetoric of right Nationalism & strong government-industry cooperation to foster industrialization

41. Economic Policy Import substitution policies were adopted by most nations in Latin America from the 1930s until the late 1980s. Adoption of ISI is attributed to the impact of the Great Depression, when: – Latin American countries, which exported primary products (henequen, fruit, beef) and imported almost all of the industrialized goods they consumed (radios, appliances), were prevented from importing due to a sharp decline in their foreign sales. –This served as an incentive for the domestic production of the goods they needed.

42. Import Substitution Defined Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) –a trade & economic policy based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products –ISI requires state-induced industrialization through government spending

43. ISI in Latin America Efforts at ISI based on pragmatic choices to face the economic limitations caused by recession –Populist governments in Brazil (Vargas) & Argentina (Peron) modeled Fascist Italy as inspiration of state- induced industrialization Vargas & Perón saw industrialization (especially steel production) as synonymous w/ "progress" –Positivism which sought a "strong government" to "modernize" society – played a major influence on Latin American military thinking in the 20th century

44. Changes in Brazil’s Economy Interwar Years –rapidly industrializing nation –"the sleeping giant of the Americas" & potential world power Oligarchic “Old Republic” dominated however –landed interests resisted change, industrialization, urbanization, & other broad interests of new middle class

45. Vargas-Brazil Dissatisfaction grew in Brazil over oligarchic rule –frustrated with the politics of the cafe’ com leite (landed elites in coffee and cattle business) –election of Washington Luis denounced as fraudulent (often the case in the period known as the Old Republic 1889–1930). Vargas’ Liberal Alliance forms to challenge the political status quo –won support of Brazil's growing urban middle class & military officers –October 1930: bloodless coup

46. Vargas & ISI in Brazil Getúlio Vargas enters –served as president & dictator from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954 Focused on state interventionist policy to stimulate economy –Utilized tax breaks –Utilized import quotas to expand the domestic industrial base Linked pro-industrial policies to nationalism –Advocated heavy tariffs to "perfect our manufacturers to the point where it will become unpatriotic to feed or clothe ourselves with imported goods."

47. Vargas-Brazil Parallels European police states in 1934 –new constitution w/ direct quasi-fascist influences Fascist-style programs serve two important aims in Brazil –stimulating industrial growth –suppressing communist influence

48. Vargas-ISI in Brazil 1934 Constitution –placed government authority over the private economy –Established a system of state-guided capitalism aimed at industrialization & reducing foreign dependency –Promoted corporatism: a strategy to increase industrial output utilizing a strong nationalist appeal & co-opting workers' demands under the banner of nationalism expanded social programs & set minimum wage but also placed stringent limits on union organizing & "unauthorized" strikes.

49. Vargas & Brazil – example of Authoritarianism 1920-1950 Populist-like "the father of the poor” expanded the electorate granted women's suffrage Fascist-like whittled down the autonomy of labor crushed dissent

50. Cold War & USSR Championing Communism 1950-1965

51. Cold War Struggle between U.S. & USSR dictates government forms in Latin Amer after WWII When USSR peaks = communism spread in Latin Amer Ex = Cuba

52. The Spanish-American War: 1898

53. Cuban “Independence” ? Platt Amendment (1903) 1.Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 2.The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 3.Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. 4.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

54. American Soldiers in Cuba in 1902

55. Fulgencio Batista

56. Fidel Castro as a Young Revolutionary

57. Cuban “Young Pioneers” What were some of Castro’s reforms??

58. Cuba is 90 Miles from the Florida Coast A Soviet “Client-State”

59. The Cuban Missile Crisis: October, 1962

60. Soviet - Cuban Construction

62. Global Thermal Nuclear War ?

63. Range of the Cuban Missiles

64. Cuban Refugees The Cuban Adjustment Act - 1966

65. Cuba today Remains the most rigidly communist nation in world, along w/ North KoreaRemains the most rigidly communist nation in world, along w/ North Korea

66. Cold War & USA Championing Alternatives 1965-present

67. Cold War Struggle between U.S. & USSR dictates government forms in Latin Amer after WWII When U.S. peaks = military dictators…then democracy Remember: “the enemy of my enemy is my friend”